Bioprocess Engineering Division, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany.
Biorefineries Division, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2022;181:73-122. doi: 10.1007/10_2021_200.
Wide ranges of microorganisms produce glycosylated lipids (GL), which are characterized by their tensio-active properties. Therefore, they can be used in different industrial applications as biosurfactants, such as food, agriculture, cosmetics, and health products among others. Two GL biosurfactants, rhamnolipids (RL) and sophorolipids (SL), are now commercially available and share a significant part of the biosurfactant market that in 2017 represented about 2.5% of the total surfactants market, estimated at 15 million tons globally.In this chapter, we present a general overview of GL biosurfactants in terms of their diversity and the microorganisms that produce them. Additionally, we focus on the more detailed description of RL, SL, mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL), and cellobiose lipids (CL).Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the ubiquitous opportunistic pathogenic bacterium, is the best RL producer, but other non-pathogenic bacteria like Burkholderia thailandensis and Pseudomonas chlororaphis NRRL B-30761 are also capable of producing them naturally. In addition, Pseudomonas putida has been used as heterologous host to produce RL with good yields. Here we describe the biosynthetic pathway for RL production, the genes involved in its synthesis, and some of the challenges for producing a homogeneous RL product in high quantities that is suitable for specific applications.SL, MEL, and CL are some of the GL biosurfactants produced in high quantities by fungi, like Starmerella bombicola, Moesziomyces aphidis, or Ustilago maydis. We provide an overview of some of their characteristics, insights on the metabolic pathways involved in their synthesis and genetic modifications performed to increase their production, as well as fermentation and purification strategies and some of their applications.
广泛的微生物产生糖基化脂质 (GL)，其特点是具有表面活性。因此，它们可以在不同的工业应用中用作生物表面活性剂，例如食品、农业、化妆品和保健品等。两种 GL 生物表面活性剂，鼠李糖脂 (RL) 和槐糖脂 (SL)，现在已经商业化，它们共同占据了生物表面活性剂市场的很大一部分，该市场在 2017 年占全球总表面活性剂市场的约 2.5%，估计为 1500 万吨。在本章中，我们将从多样性和产生它们的微生物的角度对 GL 生物表面活性剂进行概述。此外，我们重点介绍 RL、SL、甘露糖赤藓糖醇脂 (MEL) 和纤维二糖脂 (CL) 的更详细描述。铜绿假单胞菌是一种无处不在的机会致病菌，是最好的 RL 生产菌，但其他非致病菌，如鲍氏不动杆菌和假单胞菌属 NRRL B-30761，也能够自然产生它们。此外，恶臭假单胞菌已被用作产生 RL 的异源宿主，具有良好的产量。在这里，我们描述了 RL 生产的生物合成途径、参与其合成的基因，以及一些生产适合特定应用的高产量、均一 RL 产品的挑战。SL、MEL 和 CL 是真菌大量生产的一些 GL 生物表面活性剂，如嗜热链球菌、玉米黑粉菌或玉米黑粉菌。我们提供了一些它们的特性概述，以及它们合成涉及的代谢途径的见解、提高其产量的遗传修饰，以及发酵和纯化策略以及它们的一些应用。
