Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
Mar Drugs. 2019 Jul 9;17(7):408. doi: 10.3390/md17070408.
Biosurfactants are amphiphilic secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms. Marine bacteria have recently emerged as a rich source for these natural products which exhibit surface-active properties, making them useful for diverse applications such as detergents, wetting and foaming agents, solubilisers, emulsifiers and dispersants. Although precise structural data are often lacking, the already available information deduced from biochemical analyses and genome sequences of marine microbes indicates a high structural diversity including a broad spectrum of fatty acid derivatives, lipoamino acids, lipopeptides and glycolipids. This review aims to summarise biosyntheses and structures with an emphasis on low molecular weight biosurfactants produced by marine microorganisms and describes various biotechnological applications with special emphasis on their role in the bioremediation of oil-contaminated environments. Furthermore, novel exploitation strategies are suggested in an attempt to extend the existing biosurfactant portfolio.
生物表面活性剂是由微生物产生的两亲性次级代谢产物。海洋细菌最近成为这些天然产物的丰富来源，这些天然产物具有表面活性，可用于各种应用，如清洁剂、润湿和发泡剂、增溶剂、乳化剂和分散剂。尽管通常缺乏精确的结构数据，但从海洋微生物的生化分析和基因组序列中推断出的现有信息表明，结构多样性很高，包括脂肪酸衍生物、脂氨基酸、脂肽和糖脂的广泛谱。本综述旨在总结生物合成和结构，重点介绍海洋微生物产生的低分子量生物表面活性剂，并描述各种生物技术应用，特别强调它们在石油污染环境的生物修复中的作用。此外，还提出了新的开发策略，试图扩大现有的生物表面活性剂产品组合。
