Zarei-Choghan Mohammad, Jorfi Sahand, Saki Amal, Jaafarzadeh Neamatollah
Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
Mar Pollut Bull. 2022 Jun;179:113643. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113643. Epub 2022 May 5.
Agricultural development is inevitable to meet the growing need for food. But along with this development, there are unintended and undesirable consequences for human life and the environment that need, found a solution and corrected. One of the most important adverse consequences of agricultural development is the pollution of surface and groundwater resources, which results from various factors such as soil erosion and improper use of different pesticides. This study aimed to conduct an environmental monitoring program in Naseri wetland to determine the concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides (OPP) in water samples and also to evaluate the potential risks (ecological and health risk assessment) of these pesticides. The salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction method was used to extract pesticides. The residual concentrations of OPP evaluated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In this study, the ecological risk of OPP calculated for wetland ecosystem, based on the acute risk quotient (RQ) formula with maximum (RQ), mean (RQ), and mixture (RQ) concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides in the wetland water. Also, to assess the health risk of consuming contaminated fish with organophosphate pesticides, the potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were determined by the hazard quotient (Index) (HQ, HI) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) indices, respectively. The mean ± SD concentration of OPP (Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Ethion, Dichlorvos, Trifluralin and Diazinon) in samples of wetland water ranged from 0.14 ± 0.08 to 0.35 ± 0.12 and 0.054 ± 0.06 to 0.2 ± 0.1 (μg/L) in summer and autumn, respectively. The mean ± SD of OPP in fish varied from 0.68 ± 0.86 to 3.94 ± 2.7 (μg/kg). Overall, the concentrations of pesticides in all water and fish samples were below the maximum residue limit (30 μg/kg) during the study period, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The results of acute risk quotient were in summer (RQ = 3.49E-4 to 0.067, RQ = 5.8E-5 to 0.029, RQ = 0.139-0.026, 0.018-3.42E-3) and autumn (RQ = 8E-4 to 0.051, RQ = 7.74E-6 to 0.018 RQ = 0.1-0.013, 6E-3- 1.5E-3). The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk indexes due to fish consumption for adults and children were (HQ = 0.026-4.68E-4, HI = 0.041, ILCR = 1.7E-7) and (HQ = 1.85E-3-1.3E-5, HI = 0.041, ILCR = 5.55E-8), respectively. The risk of OPP was generally low. But cumulative risk (pesticide mixtures), should not be ignored.
为满足不断增长的粮食需求，农业发展势在必行。但伴随这一发展，对人类生活和环境产生了一些意外且不良的后果，需要找到解决办法并加以纠正。农业发展最重要的不良后果之一是地表水和地下水资源的污染，这是由土壤侵蚀和不同农药的不当使用等多种因素造成的。本研究旨在开展一项针对纳塞里湿地的环境监测项目，以测定水样中有机磷农药（OPP）的浓度，并评估这些农药的潜在风险（生态和健康风险评估）。采用盐析辅助液液萃取法提取农药。通过气相色谱/质谱联用仪（GC/MS）评估OPP的残留浓度。在本研究中，基于湿地水中有机磷农药的最大浓度（RQ）、平均浓度（RQ）和混合浓度（RQ）的急性风险商（RQ）公式，计算了湿地生态系统中OPP的生态风险。此外，为评估食用受有机磷农药污染鱼类的健康风险，分别通过危害商（指数）（HQ，HI）和终生癌症风险增量（ILCR）指数确定了潜在的非致癌和致癌风险。湿地水样中OPP（毒死蜱、马拉硫磷、乙硫磷、敌敌畏、氟乐灵和二嗪农）的平均浓度±标准差在夏季为0.14±0.08至0.35±0.12（μg/L），秋季为0.054±0.06至0.2±0.1（μg/L）。鱼类中OPP的平均浓度±标准差为0.68±0.86至3.94±2.7（μg/kg）。总体而言，根据美国环境保护局（EPA）和世界卫生组织（WHO）的标准，在研究期间所有水样和鱼类样本中的农药浓度均低于最大残留限量（30μg/kg）。急性风险商结果在夏季（RQ = 3.49E - 4至0.067，RQ = 5.8E - 5至0.029，RQ = 0.139 - 0.026，0.018 - 3.42E - 3）和秋季（RQ = 8E - 4至0.051，RQ = 7.74E - 6至0.018，RQ = 0.1 - 0.013，6E - 3 - 1.5E - 3）。成人和儿童因食用鱼类导致的非致癌和致癌风险指数分别为（HQ = 0.026 - 4.68E - 4，HI = 0.041，ILCR = 1.
