Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Environmental Assessment and Restoration, 2600 Blair Stone Rd, Tallahassee, FL, 32399-2400, USA.
Environ Monit Assess. 2022 May 10;194(6):416. doi: 10.1007/s10661-022-10000-3.
The use of imidacloprid and, to a lesser degree, other neonicotinoid insecticides is widespread in FL (and globally). The moderate to high water solubility and environmental persistence of neonicotinoids allows these compounds to readily enter, and be retained in, water resources where they may harm nontarget organisms and impact biological communities and associated trophic structures negatively. To better understand imidacloprid's chronic long-term exposure potential to aquatic invertebrate communities in FL, grab water samples were collected monthly in 2015 at 77 monitoring stations statewide. Fifty-eight stations (75%), representing 24 of the 25 drainage basins sampled, had detectable concentrations of imidacloprid, with concentrations ranging from 2 to 660 nanograms per liter [ng/L]. Imidacloprid basin medians were found to be correlated with two of six land use categories (urban, transportation, agriculture, and three crop classes) examined; urban (rho = 0.43, p-value = 0.03), and orchards and vineyards (rho 0.49, p-value = 0.01). The resampling of 12 select stations, representing eight basins, between August 2019 and July 2020, for the neonicotinoids acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam, showed that (1) median values of imidacloprid continued to exceed the US EPA chronic freshwater Invertebrate Aquatic Life Benchmark (IALB) (10 ng/L), (2) imidacloprid concentration was directly correlated with flow measurements, and (3) while median imidacloprid concentration decreased between the two sampling events (48.5 vs. 34.5 ng/L, p-value = 0.01) differences in event 1 and 2 streamflow regimes and disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic likely affected this outcome. Clothianidin was the only other neonicotinoid found to have values greater than a US EPA IALB, with detections at three stations exceeding the chronic IALB (50 ng/L). This study highlights the challenges associated with limiting neonicotinoids from entering water resources and identifies means to reduce their entry into and persistence within FL water resources.
在佛罗里达州（以及全球范围内），广泛使用了吡虫啉和在较小程度上使用了其他新烟碱类杀虫剂。新烟碱类杀虫剂具有中等至高度的水溶性和环境持久性，这使得这些化合物能够轻易进入并滞留在水资源中，从而对非目标生物和生物群落及相关营养结构造成负面影响。为了更好地了解吡虫啉在佛罗里达州水生无脊椎动物群落中的慢性长期暴露潜在风险，2015 年每月在全州 77 个监测站采集了水样。在 58 个监测站（75%）中检测到了吡虫啉的浓度，浓度范围为 2 至 660 纳克/升[ng/L]。发现吡虫啉流域中位数与所研究的六个土地利用类别（城市、交通、农业和三类作物）中的两个呈相关关系；城市（rho=0.43，p 值=0.03）和果园和葡萄园（rho=0.49，p 值=0.01）。2019 年 8 月至 2020 年 7 月，对 12 个具有代表性的选择站（代表 8 个流域）重新进行了采样，以检测新烟碱类杀虫剂乙虫腈、噻虫胺、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉和噻虫啉，结果表明：（1）吡虫啉的中位数仍然超过美国环保署（EPA）慢性淡水无脊椎动物水生生命基准（IALB）（10ng/L）；（2）吡虫啉浓度与流量测量直接相关；（3）尽管两次采样之间的吡虫啉中位数浓度下降（48.5 与 34.5ng/L，p 值=0.01），但由于 COVID-19 大流行导致的事件 1 和 2 水流模式的差异和干扰可能影响了这一结果。噻虫胺是唯一另一种被发现浓度超过美国 EPA IALB 的新烟碱类杀虫剂，在三个监测站的检测值超过了慢性 IALB（50ng/L）。本研究强调了限制新烟碱类杀虫剂进入水资源的挑战，并确定了减少其进入和在佛罗里达州水资源中持续存在的方法。
