State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Sep;29(45):68216-68231. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-20570-x. Epub 2022 May 10.
The fate of legacy and emerging flame retardants are poorly reported in developing countries, including India. Also, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) application-based source apportionment of these pollutants is less comprehensive. This study analyzed the contamination level and sources of 25 flame retardants in dust from India's central Indo-Gangetic Plain (Patna city) using the PCA and PMF model. Dust samples were collected from various functional areas of indoor (n = 22) and outdoor (n = 16) environments. The sum of four groups of FRs in indoor dust (median 8080 ng/g) was 3-4 times greater than the outdoor dust (median 2410 ng/g). The novel-brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPFRs) were more dominant than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), indicating the influence of worldwide elimination of PBDEs. The median concentration of ∑NBFRs in indoor and outdoor dust was 1210 ng/g and 6820 ng/g, while the median concentration of ∑OPFRs was measured to be 383 ng/g and 1210 ng/g, respectively. Likewise, ∑PBDEs in indoor and outdoor dust ranged from 2-1040 ng/g (median 38.8 ng/g) to 0.62-249 ng/g (median 10.7 ng/g), respectively. Decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) was identified as the most abundant NBFR in dust, comprising 99.9% of ∑NBFR, while tri-cresyl phosphates (TMPPs) showed the highest concentration among OPFR and accounted for 75% ∑OPFRs. The PMF analysis indicated that a significant fraction of FRs in the dust (80%) could derive from plastics, textiles, polyurethane foam, anti-foam agents, PVC, paint, and coatings. In comparison, debromination of higher PBDE congeners contributed 20% in the dust environment. FR's estimated daily exposure risk in dust showed dermal absorption as the main route of FR's intake to adult and children populations. Children were more vulnerable to the risk of FRs than the adult population. The estimated daily exposure risk for selected FRs in this study was 4-6 orders of magnitude lesser than the respective reference dose (RfD), proposing negligible health risk.
在发展中国家，包括印度，有关传统和新兴阻燃剂命运的报告很少。此外，基于正矩阵因子分解 (PMF) 的这些污染物的源解析也不够全面。本研究使用 PCA 和 PMF 模型分析了印度中部恒河平原（巴特那市）灰尘中 25 种阻燃剂的污染水平和来源。灰尘样品分别采集自室内（n=22）和室外（n=16）不同功能区。室内灰尘中四组 FRs 的总和（中位数 8080ng/g）是室外灰尘（中位数 2410ng/g）的 3-4 倍。新型溴化阻燃剂（NBFRs）和有机磷酸酯（OPFRs）比多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）更为突出，表明全球范围内 PBDEs 的淘汰产生了影响。室内和室外灰尘中∑NBFRs 的中位数浓度分别为 1210ng/g 和 6820ng/g，∑OPFRs 的中位数浓度分别为 383ng/g 和 1210ng/g。同样，室内和室外灰尘中∑PBDEs 的浓度范围分别为 2-1040ng/g（中位数 38.8ng/g）至 0.62-249ng/g（中位数 10.7ng/g）。十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）是灰尘中最丰富的 NBFR，占∑NBFR 的 99.9%，而三（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（TMPPs）是 OPFR 中浓度最高的，占∑OPFRs 的 75%。PMF 分析表明，灰尘中相当一部分 FRs（80%）可能来自塑料、纺织品、聚氨酯泡沫、消泡剂、聚氯乙烯、油漆和涂料。相比之下，较高 PBDE 同系物的脱溴化作用对灰尘环境的贡献为 20%。灰尘中 FR 的估计每日暴露风险表明，皮肤吸收是 FR 进入成人和儿童体内的主要途径。儿童比成人更容易受到 FR 风险的影响。本研究中选定 FRs 的估计每日暴露风险比各自的参考剂量（RfD）低 4-6 个数量级，表明健康风险可以忽略不计。
