Environmental Analysis and Management Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
Environmental Analysis and Management Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Feb 1;806(Pt 1):150494. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150494. Epub 2021 Sep 24.
Flame retardants (FRs) are widely used in consumer products including furniture foam and electronic equipment such as computers, monitors and TVs. Over time, FRs can easily migrate into the surrounding environments. Since brominated FRs (BFRs) has been determined of high concern due to their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and potential toxicity, novel FRs have emerged. The present study was aimed at identifying and quantifying the indoor levels of 41 legacy and novel FRs, which include 20 OPFRs and 21 HFRs (8 PBDEs, 3 HBCDDs, 5 NBFRs and 5 DECs) in Tarragona Province (Catalonia, Spain). The results have confirmed the presence of both legacy and novel FRs in air and dust of homes, schools and offices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first European study measuring OPFRs at office environments and also confirming the presence of the following OPFRs: TEP, TCIPP, T2IPPP, TPPO, DCP, TMCP and B4IPPPP in indoor air, even some of them at high levels. OPFRs in general and TCIPP in particular showed high concentrations in air (94,599 pg/m and 72,281 pg/m, respectively) and dust (32,084 ng/g and 13,496 ng/g, respectively) samples collected in indoor environments. HBCDDs were found at high levels in dust (32,185 ng/g), whereas the presence of PBDEs and DECs were low in both matrices (<160 pg/m in air and <832 ng/g in dust). NBFRs showed higher levels than the two legacy FRs groups, which is supported by the current restrictions of these FRs (640 pg/m in air and 1291 ng/g in dust). Samples of schools had significantly lower levels of NBFRs, but significantly higher concentrations of HFRs in air than in home samples, while dust levels of HFRs were significantly lower than those in samples of offices. Regarding human health risks, the current assessment suggests that those derived from exposure to FRs were lower -although close- to assumable risks, evidencing the potential of FRs for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, mainly due to the exposure to TCIPP, which was the main contributor together with ΣHBCDDs and also EHDPP.
阻燃剂（FRs）广泛应用于包括家具泡沫和计算机、显示器和电视等电子设备在内的消费品中。随着时间的推移，FRs 很容易迁移到周围环境中。由于溴化阻燃剂（BFRs）因其环境持久性、生物累积性和潜在毒性而被高度关注，因此出现了新型 FRs。本研究旨在确定和量化加泰罗尼亚省（西班牙）家庭、学校和办公室空气中 41 种新型和传统 FRs 的室内水平，其中包括 20 种 OPFRs 和 21 种 HFRs（8 种 PBDEs、3 种 HBCDDs、5 种 NBFRs 和 5 种 DECs）。研究结果证实了传统和新型 FRs 在家庭、学校和办公室的空气和灰尘中均存在。据我们所知，这是第一项在办公环境中测量 OPFRs 的欧洲研究，同时还证实了以下 OPFRs 的存在：TEP、TCIPP、T2IPPP、TPPO、DCP、TMCP 和 B4IPPPP 存在于室内空气中，甚至有些含量很高。OPFRs 特别是 TCIPP 在空气中（分别为 94,599pg/m 和 72,281pg/m）和灰尘（分别为 32,084ng/g 和 13,496ng/g）样本中浓度很高。HBCDDs 在灰尘中含量很高（32,185ng/g），而 PBDEs 和 DECs 在这两种基质中的含量都很低（空气中<160pg/m，灰尘中<832ng/g）。NBFRs 的含量高于两组传统 FRs，这是由于这些 FRs 的现行限制（空气中 640pg/m，灰尘中 1291ng/g）。学校样本中 NBFRs 的含量明显较低，但空气中 HFRs 的浓度明显高于家庭样本，而办公室样本中 HFRs 的含量明显低于灰尘样本。关于人类健康风险，目前的评估表明，由于接触 FRs 而产生的风险较低（尽管接近可假定的风险），这表明 FRs 具有非致癌和致癌风险的潜力，主要是由于接触 TCIPP，它与 ΣHBCDDs 一起也是 EHDPP 的主要贡献者。
