Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
Environ Int. 2018 Apr;113:191-201. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.026. Epub 2018 Feb 9.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFR) have been used in a range of polymers to inhibit the spread of fires but also have a propensity to migrate out of consumer materials and contaminate indoor dust. In this study, a total of 57 dust samples were collected from 12 homes, eight offices and eight vehicles in Melbourne, Australia and analysed for eight PBDEs (-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183 and -209) and seven NBFRs (PBT, PBEB, HBB, EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, BTBPE and DBDPE) to determine human exposure risks from dust ingestion. Samples were analysed using selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Legacy and replacement flame retardants were detected in all samples with overall ∑PBDE concentrations ranging from 120 to 1700,000 ng/g (median 2100 ng/g) and ∑NBFRs ranging from 1.1 to 10,000 ng/g (median 1800 ng/g). BDE-209 and DBDPE were the dominant compounds in dust samples, followed by congeners associated with commercial Penta-BDE formulations (-47, -99, -100, -153 and -154) and then EH-TBB of the FireMaster 550 and BZ-54 products. ∑Penta-BDE concentrations were elevated in office samples compared with homes and vehicles, while EH-TBB and BDE-209 measured higher concentrations in vehicles compared with their respective levels in homes and offices. Risk assessment estimates revealed the majority of exposure to occur in the home for both adults and toddlers in the City of Melbourne. Generally, body weight adjusted exposure to PBDEs and NBFRs was predicted to be 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher for toddlers than adults. Estimated rates of BDE-47, -99, -153 and -209 ingestion were each 2 orders of magnitude or more below the USEPA's prescribed oral reference dose values (RfDs) for typical exposure scenarios. However, exposure rates for BDE-47 and -99 reached as high as 52 and 95% of RfDs, respectively, for adults and 4.4 and 7.4%, respectively, for toddlers in high exposure scenarios. This study provides the first wide-ranging survey of NBFRs in indoor dust from homes, offices and vehicles in Australia and offers further evidence of human exposure to legacy and novel brominated flame retardants via dust ingestion.
多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）和新型溴化阻燃剂（NBFRs）已被广泛应用于聚合物中，以抑制火势蔓延，但它们也有从消费材料中迁移出来并污染室内灰尘的倾向。在这项研究中，从澳大利亚墨尔本的 12 个家庭、8 个办公室和 8 辆汽车中收集了 57 个灰尘样本，分析了 8 种 PBDEs（-28、-47、-99、-100、-153、-154、-183 和 -209）和 7 种 NBFRs（PBT、PBEB、HBB、EH-TBB、BEH-TEBP、BTBPE 和 DBDPE），以确定人们通过摄入灰尘而接触这些物质的风险。使用选择性加压液体萃取（S-PLE）和气相色谱-串联质谱法（GC-MS/MS）对样品进行分析。在所有样本中都检测到了传统和替代阻燃剂，∑PBDEs 的浓度范围为 120 至 170 万 ng/g（中位数为 2100 ng/g），∑NBFRs 的浓度范围为 1.1 至 10000 ng/g（中位数为 1800 ng/g）。BDE-209 和 DBDPE 是灰尘样本中的主要化合物，其次是与商用五溴二苯醚制剂相关的同系物（-47、-99、-100、-153 和 -154），然后是 FireMaster 550 和 BZ-54 产品中的 EH-TBB。与家庭和车辆相比，办公室样本中的∑五溴二苯醚浓度较高，而与各自在家庭和办公室中的水平相比，EH-TBB 和 BDE-209 在车辆中的浓度较高。风险评估估计表明，对于墨尔本市的成年人和幼儿来说，大部分接触都发生在家庭中。一般来说，与成年人相比，幼儿通过体重调整后的 PBDEs 和 NBFRs 暴露量预计要高出 1 到 2 个数量级。估计的 BDE-47、-99、-153 和 -209 摄入量分别比美国环保署（USEPA）规定的典型暴露情景下的口服参考剂量（RfD）低 2 个或更多数量级。然而，在高暴露情景下，BDE-47 和 -99 对成年人的暴露率分别高达 RfD 的 52%和 95%，对幼儿的暴露率分别高达 4.4%和 7.4%。本研究首次广泛调查了澳大利亚家庭、办公室和车辆内空气中的 NBFRs，并进一步证明了人类通过摄入灰尘而接触到传统和新型溴化阻燃剂。
