Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 1710, South Africa.
Department of Chemistry, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, P.O Box 60, Medunsa 0204, South Africa.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Sep 1;837:155780. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155780. Epub 2022 May 7.
Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are continuously invading the marine environment due to their input from the land such as their disposal into the drains and sewers which is mostly followed by their transfer into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Their incomplete removal in WWTPs introduces pharmaceuticals into oceans and surface water. To date, various pharmaceuticals and their metabolites have been detected in marine environment. Their occurrence in marine organisms raises concerns regarding toxic effects and development of drug resistant genes. Therefore, it is crucial to review the health effects and risks associated with the presence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in marine organisms and seafood. This is an important study area which is related to the availability of seafood and its quality. Hence, this study provides a critical review of the information available in literature which relates to the occurrence and toxic effects of pharmaceuticals in marine organisms and seafood. This was initiated through conducting a literature search focussing on articles investigating the occurrence and effects of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in marine organisms and seafood. In general, most studies on the monitoring of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in marine environment are conducted in well developed countries such as Europe while research in developing countries is still limited. Pharmaceuticals present in freshwater are mostly found in seawater and marine organisms. Furthermore, the toxicity caused by different pharmaceutical mixtures was observed to be more severe than that of individual compounds.
由于药物及其代谢物从陆地输入，如被排放到污水渠和下水道，随后大部分被转移到废水处理厂（WWTP），它们不断侵入海洋环境。WWTP 对它们的不完全去除将药物引入海洋和地表水。迄今为止，已在海洋环境中检测到各种药物及其代谢物。它们在海洋生物中的存在引起了人们对毒性影响和耐药基因发展的关注。因此，审查与海洋生物和海鲜中存在的药物及其代谢物相关的健康影响和风险至关重要。这是一个重要的研究领域，与海鲜的供应及其质量有关。因此，本研究对文献中与海洋生物和海鲜中药物的存在及其毒性相关的现有信息进行了批判性回顾。这是通过对重点研究海洋生物和海鲜中药物及其代谢物存在和影响的文献进行搜索开始的。一般来说，对海洋环境中药物及其代谢物监测的大多数研究都是在欧洲等发达国家进行的，而发展中国家的研究仍然有限。淡水中存在的药物大多存在于海水中和海洋生物中。此外，不同药物混合物引起的毒性比单个化合物的毒性更为严重。
