Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, ULR Ancona, Ancona, Italy.
Mar Environ Res. 2020 Dec;162:105137. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105137. Epub 2020 Sep 21.
Despite the increasing interest for pharmaceuticals in the marine environment, their accumulation in wild organisms and consequent environmental hazards are still poorly known. The Mediterranean Sea is highly challenged by the density of coastal populations, large consumption of pharmaceuticals and their often limited removal by Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs). In this respect, the present study aims to provide the first large-scale survey on the distribution of such contaminants of emerging concern in native mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis from Italian coasts. Organisms were collected from 14 sites representative of relatively unpolluted marine waters along the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Sea and analysed for 9 common pharmaceuticals including Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs: Diclofenac DIC, Ibuprofen IBU, Ketoprofen KET and Nimesulide NIM), the analgesic Acetaminophen AMP, the antiepileptic Carbamazepine CBZ, the antihypertensive Valsartan VAL, the anxiolytic Lormetazepam LOR and the antidepressant Paroxetine PAR. Results indicated the widespread occurrence of the majority of pharmaceuticals in mussel tissues: CBZ was measured in >90% of analysed samples, followed by VAL (>50%), PAR (>40%), and DIC (>30%), while only AMP and KET were never detected. Heterogeneous tissue concentrations ranged from a few units up to hundreds of ng/g (d.w.), while seasonal and interannual variability, investigated over 4 years, did not highlight any clear temporal trend. Limited differences obtained between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Sea, as well as coastal versus off-shore sampling sites, suggest that analysed levels of pharmaceuticals in mussels tissues should be considered as baseline concentrations for organisms collected in unpolluted areas of the Mediterranean. This study provided the first unambiguous evidence of the widespread occurrence of pharmaceuticals in marine mussels from Italian coasts, giving novel insights on the potential ecotoxicological hazard from such compounds in marine species.
尽管人们对海洋环境中的药物越来越感兴趣，但它们在野生生物中的积累及其对环境造成的危害仍知之甚少。地中海受到沿海地区人口密度大、大量使用药物以及废水处理厂（WWTP）往往无法有效去除这些药物的影响。在这方面，本研究旨在对意大利沿海地区本地贻贝（Mytilus galloprovincialis）中这些新兴关注污染物的分布进行首次大规模调查。从亚得里亚海和第勒尼安海相对未受污染的海域采集了 14 个代表性地点的贻贝，对 9 种常见药物进行了分析，包括非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs：双氯芬酸 DIC、布洛芬 IBU、酮洛芬 KET 和尼美舒利 NIM）、止痛药醋氨酚 AMP、抗癫痫药卡马西平 CBZ、降压药缬沙坦 VAL、抗焦虑药洛美他唑 LOR 和抗抑郁药帕罗西汀 PAR。结果表明，大多数药物在贻贝组织中广泛存在：在分析的样本中，90%以上都检测到了 CBZ，其次是 VAL（>50%）、PAR（>40%）和 DIC（>30%），而只有 AMP 和 KET 从未检测到。组织浓度的差异从几个单位到数百纳克/克（干重）不等，而在 4 年的时间里进行的季节性和年际变化调查没有显示出任何明显的时间趋势。亚得里亚海和第勒尼安海之间以及沿海和近海采样点之间获得的有限差异表明，贻贝组织中分析的药物水平应被视为在未受污染的地中海地区采集的生物的基线浓度。本研究首次明确证明了意大利沿海贻贝中广泛存在药物，为这些化合物对海洋物种潜在的生态毒性危害提供了新的认识。
