Yadav Krishna Kumar, Gupta Neha, Kumar Vinit, Choudhary Priya, Khan Shakeel Ahmad
Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University Jhansi, 284128 India
Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi, 110012 India.
RSC Adv. 2018 Apr 27;8(29):15876-15889. doi: 10.1039/c8ra00577j.
The quality of groundwater is very important in Agra because groundwater is the main source of water for drinking, domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. A groundwater geochemistry study was conducted in Agra where 28 samples were collected from shallow aquifers in May 2016 from different sites. The aim of this research was to assess the quality of groundwater for drinking purposes in the study area. Arc-GIS has been used to prepare geographic information system-based spatial distribution maps of different major elements. The groundwater quality was analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters, major cations and anions and some trace metals. The observed values were compared with BIS and WHO standards. Statistical parameters such as the mean, median, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis were used to analyze the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the groundwater. Correlation coefficient analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed to identify the sources of the water constituents. Our results showed that most of the samples exceeded the acceptable limit for drinking water standards. The sequence of abundance of the main cations was generally Na > Ca > Mg > K, while the anions in order of abundance were HCO > Cl > SO and NO > F. All of the trace metals were within the permissible limit except for iron and manganese. The hazard index value of 5.7 × 10 indicated that there was no potential health risk in the study area. Ca, Mg, Cl and SO were the dominant hydrogeochemical facies in the majority of the groundwater samples. Most of the parameters such as TDS, Cl, HCO , SO , NO , Ca, Mg, Na, K and TH showed strong correlations with each other, which were due to natural processes such as weathering, exchangeable ions and reduction/oxidation, as well as anthropogenic activity around the study area. The water quality index indicated that the water quality was poor at 46.43% of the sampling sites, very poor at 28.57% of the sites and unsuitable for drinking purposes at 25% of the sampling sites. Gibbs diagrams suggested rock weathering as a major driving force for controlling the groundwater chemistry in the study area, along with evaporation as a minor influence.
在阿格拉，地下水质量非常重要，因为地下水是饮用、家庭、农业和工业用水的主要来源。在阿格拉开展了一项地下水地球化学研究，于2016年5月从不同地点的浅层含水层采集了28个样本。本研究的目的是评估研究区域内用于饮用的地下水质量。已使用Arc-GIS绘制基于地理信息系统的不同主要元素的空间分布图。对地下水质量进行了各种物理化学参数、主要阳离子和阴离子以及一些痕量金属的分析。将观测值与印度标准局（BIS）和世界卫生组织（WHO）的标准进行了比较。使用均值、中位数、标准差、偏度和峰度等统计参数分析地下水的水文地球化学特征。进行了相关系数分析和主成分分析（PCA）以确定水中成分的来源。我们的结果表明，大多数样本超过了饮用水标准的可接受限值。主要阳离子的丰度顺序一般为Na > Ca > Mg > K，而阴离子的丰度顺序为HCO > Cl > SO 且NO > F。除铁和锰外，所有痕量金属均在允许限值内。5.7×10的危害指数值表明研究区域不存在潜在健康风险。Ca、Mg、Cl和SO 是大多数地下水样本中的主要水文地球化学相。大多数参数，如总溶解固体（TDS）、Cl、HCO 、SO 、NO 、Ca、Mg、Na、K和总硬度（TH）相互之间显示出强相关性，这是由于风化、可交换离子和还原/氧化等自然过程以及研究区域周围的人为活动所致。水质指数表明，46.43%的采样点水质较差，28.57%的采样点水质很差，25%的采样点水质不适于饮用。吉布斯图表明，岩石风化是控制研究区域地下水化学的主要驱动力，蒸发是次要影响因素。
