Aragão Cláudia, Gonçalves Ana Teresa, Costas Benjamín, Azeredo Rita, Xavier Maria João, Engrola Sofia
Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
GreenCoLab-Associação Oceano Verde, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
Animals (Basel). 2022 May 7;12(9):1211. doi: 10.3390/ani12091211.
Aquaculture has been challenged to find alternative ingredients to develop innovative feed formulations that foster a sustainable future growth. Given the most recent trends in fish feed formulation on the use of alternative protein sources to decrease the dependency of fishmeal, it is fundamental to evaluate the implications of this new paradigm for fish health and welfare. This work intends to comprehensively review the impacts of alternative and novel dietary protein sources on fish gut microbiota and health, stress and immune responses, disease resistance, and antioxidant capacity. The research results indicate that alternative protein sources, such as terrestrial plant proteins, rendered animal by-products, insect meals, micro- and macroalgae, and single cell proteins (e.g., yeasts), may negatively impact gut microbiota and health, thus affecting immune and stress responses. Nevertheless, some of the novel protein sources, such as insects and algae meals, have functional properties and may exert an immunostimulatory activity. Further research on the effects of novel protein sources, beyond growth, is clearly needed. The information gathered here is of utmost importance, in order to develop innovative diets that guarantee the production of healthy fish with high quality standards and optimised welfare conditions, thus contributing to a sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry.
水产养殖业面临着寻找替代成分以开发创新饲料配方的挑战，从而促进未来的可持续增长。鉴于鱼类饲料配方中使用替代蛋白质来源以减少对鱼粉依赖的最新趋势，评估这一新模式对鱼类健康和福利的影响至关重要。本研究旨在全面综述替代和新型膳食蛋白质来源对鱼类肠道微生物群、健康、应激和免疫反应、抗病能力以及抗氧化能力的影响。研究结果表明，替代蛋白质来源，如陆生植物蛋白、加工过的动物副产品、昆虫粉、微藻和大型藻类以及单细胞蛋白（如酵母），可能对肠道微生物群和健康产生负面影响，从而影响免疫和应激反应。然而，一些新型蛋白质来源，如昆虫粉和藻类粉，具有功能特性，可能发挥免疫刺激活性。显然需要对新型蛋白质来源除生长之外的影响进行进一步研究。为了开发出能保证生产出符合高质量标准且福利条件优化的健康鱼类的创新饲料，从而推动水产养殖业的可持续发展，这里收集的信息至关重要。
