Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
Molecules. 2022 Apr 27;27(9):2784. doi: 10.3390/molecules27092784.
Novel additive manufacturing (AM) techniques and particularly 3D printing (3DP) have achieved a decade of success in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Highly innovative personalized therapeutical solutions may be designed and manufactured through a layer-by-layer approach starting from a digital model realized according to the needs of a specific patient or a patient group. The combination of patient-tailored drug dose, dosage, or diagnostic form (shape and size) and drug release adjustment has the potential to ensure the optimal patient therapy. Among the different 3D printing techniques, extrusion-based technologies, such as fused filament fabrication (FFF) and semi solid extrusion (SSE), are the most investigated for their high versatility, precision, feasibility, and cheapness. This review provides an overview on different 3DP techniques to produce personalized drug delivery systems and medical devices, highlighting, for each method, the critical printing process parameters, the main starting materials, as well as advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the recent developments of fused filament fabrication and semi solid extrusion 3DP are discussed. In this regard, the current state of the art, based on a detailed literature survey of the different 3D products printed via extrusion-based techniques, envisioning future directions in the clinical applications and diffusion of such systems, is summarized.
新型增材制造（AM）技术，尤其是 3D 打印（3DP），在制药和生物医学领域取得了十年的成功。通过从根据特定患者或患者群体的需求实现的数字模型开始的逐层方法，可以设计和制造高度创新的个性化治疗解决方案。根据患者量身定制的药物剂量、剂量或诊断形式（形状和大小）和药物释放调整的结合，有可能确保最佳的患者治疗效果。在不同的 3D 打印技术中，挤出式技术，如熔融沉积成型（FFF）和半固态挤出（SSE），由于其多功能性、精度、可行性和经济性而得到了最广泛的研究。本文综述了用于生产个性化药物输送系统和医疗器械的不同 3DP 技术，突出了每种方法的关键打印工艺参数、主要起始材料以及优缺点。此外，还讨论了熔融沉积成型和半固态挤出 3DP 的最新进展。在这方面，根据对通过挤出式技术打印的不同 3D 产品的详细文献调查，概述了基于挤出式技术的 3D 产品的当前技术状态，展望了这些系统在临床应用和推广方面的未来方向。
