New index of functional specificity to predict the redundancy of ecosystem functions in microbial communities.

An ecosystem function is suggested to be more sensitive to biodiversity loss (i.e. low functional redundancy) when focusing on specific-type functions than broad-type functions. Thus far, specific-type functions have been loosely defined as functions performed by a small number of species (facilitative species) or functions involved in utilizing complex substrates. However, quantitative examination of functional specificity remains underexplored. We quantified the functional redundancy of 33 ecosystem functions in a freshwater system from 76 prokaryotic community samples over 3 years. For each function, we used a sparse regression model to estimate the number of facilitative Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) and to define taxon-based functional specificity. We also used Bertz structural complexity to determine substrate-based functional specificity. We found that functional redundancy increased with the taxon-based functional specificity, defined as the proportion of facilitative ASVs (= facilitative ASV richness/facilitative ASV richness + repressive ASV (ASVs reducing functioning) richness). When using substrate-based functional specificity, functional redundancy was influenced by Bertz complexity per se and by substrate acquisition mechanisms. Therefore, taxon-based functional specificity is a better predictive index for evaluating functional redundancy than substrate-based functional specificity. These findings provide a framework to quantitatively predict the consequences of diversity losses on ecosystem functioning.