Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China.
Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg. 2022 Jul;17(7):1201-1211. doi: 10.1007/s11548-022-02657-5. Epub 2022 May 15.
Lack of biomechanical force model of soft tissue hinders the development of virtual surgical simulation in maxillofacial surgery. In this study, a physical model of facial soft tissue based on real biomechanical parameters was constructed, and a haptics-enabled virtual surgical system was developed to simulate incision-making process on facial soft tissue and to help maxillofacial surgery training.
CT data of a 25-year-old female patient were imported into Mimics software to reconstruct 3D models of maxillofacial soft and skeletal tissues. 3dMD stereo-photo of the patient was fused on facial surface to include texture information. Insertion and cutting parameters of facial soft tissue measured on fresh cadavers were integrated, and a maxillofacial biomechanical force model was established. Rapid deformation and force feedback were realized through localized deformation algorithm and axis aligned bounding box (AABB)-based collision detection. The virtual model was validated quantitatively and qualitatively.
A patient-specific physical model composed of skeletal and facial soft tissue was constructed and embedded in the virtual surgical system. Insertion and cutting in different regions of facial soft tissue were simulated using omega 6, and real-time feedback force was recorded. The feedback force was consistent with acquired force data of experiments conducted on tissue specimen. Real-time graphic and haptic feedback were realized. The mean score of the system performance was 3.71 given by surgeons in evaluation questionnaires.
The maxillofacial physical model enabled operators to simulate insertion and cutting on facial soft tissue with realization of realistic deformation and haptic feedback. The combination of localized deformation algorithm and AABB-based collision detection improved computational efficiency. The proposed virtual surgical system demonstrated excellent performance in simulation and training of incision-making process.
软组织缺乏生物力学力模型阻碍了颌面外科虚拟手术模拟的发展。本研究构建了基于真实生物力学参数的面部软组织物理模型，并开发了力觉感知的虚拟手术系统，以模拟面部软组织的切开过程，帮助颌面外科培训。
将 25 岁女性患者的 CT 数据导入 Mimics 软件，重建颌面软硬组织的 3D 模型。将患者的 3dMD 立体照片融合到面部表面，以包含纹理信息。整合了在新鲜尸体上测量的面部软组织插入和切割参数，并建立了颌面生物力学力模型。通过局部变形算法和基于轴对齐包围盒（AABB）的碰撞检测实现快速变形和力反馈。对虚拟模型进行了定量和定性验证。
构建并嵌入了一个由骨骼和面部软组织组成的个体化物理模型。使用 omega 6 模拟了面部软组织不同区域的插入和切割，并记录了实时反馈力。反馈力与在组织标本上进行的实验获得的力数据一致。实现了实时图形和力觉反馈。外科医生在评估问卷中的系统性能平均得分为 3.71。
颌面物理模型使操作人员能够模拟面部软组织的插入和切割，实现真实的变形和力觉反馈。局部变形算法和基于 AABB 的碰撞检测的结合提高了计算效率。所提出的虚拟手术系统在切口过程的模拟和培训中表现出优异的性能。
