Keil G
Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg). 1978 Jul;57(7):581-91.
The plastic surgery begins with rhinoplastic methods in the early medieval India and was unknown to Western medicine until 1400. The first European surgeon, who restored a lost nose, was Branca de'Branca in Sicily. He took the flap from the cheek, but his son Antonio Branca took the reparative flap from the upper arm, and this "Italian method" was first described by the knight of Teutonic Order Heinrich von Pfalzpaint in 1460. Antonio Branca repaired also mutilated lips and ears, and the methods employed by him and by the Vianeo family in Calabria are described by various authors, most extensively by Gaspare Tagliacozzi in his "Chirurgia Curtorum" (1597). -Soon after Tagliacozzi's death, plastic surgery fell into disuse, until in 1794 the description of a rhinoplastic operation in India brought the methods again to the attention of European surgeons and initiated the revival of the practice. German surgeons as Carl Ferdinand Graefe, Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach and Bernhard Langenbeck leaded it to its full modern development.
整形手术始于中世纪早期印度的隆鼻方法，直到1400年西方医学才知晓。西西里岛的布兰卡·德·布兰卡是第一位为患者修复缺失鼻子的欧洲外科医生。他从脸颊取下皮瓣，但他的儿子安东尼奥·布兰卡则是从上臂取下修复性皮瓣，这种“意大利方法”于1460年由条顿骑士团的海因里希·冯·普法尔茨潘特首次描述。安东尼奥·布兰卡还修复了残缺的嘴唇和耳朵，他以及卡拉布里亚的维亚内奥家族所采用的方法被多位作者描述，加斯帕雷·塔利亚科齐在其《短外科学》（1597年）中进行了最为详尽的阐述。——塔利亚科齐去世后不久，整形手术便不再使用，直到1794年一篇关于印度隆鼻手术的描述再次引起欧洲外科医生对这些方法的关注，并开启了该手术的复兴。德国外科医生卡尔·费迪南德·格拉费、约翰·弗里德里希·迪芬巴赫和伯恩哈德·朗根贝克引领其走向全面的现代发展。
