Circadian genes regulate several physiological functions such as circadian rhythm and metabolism and participate in the cytogenesis and progression of various malignancies. The abnormal expression of these genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is closely related to the clinicopathological features of NSCLC and may promote or inhibit NSCLC progression. Circadian rhythm disorders and clock gene abnormalities may increase the risk of lung cancer in some populations. We collected 15 circadian genes in NSCLC, namely , and , and determined their relationships with the clinicopathological features of patients and the potential mechanisms promoting or inhibiting NSCLC progression. We also summarized the studies on circadian rhythm disorders and circadian genes associated with lung cancer risk. The present study aimed to provide theoretical support for the future exploration of new therapeutic targets and for the primary prevention of NSCLC from the perspective of circadian genes. Interpretation of circadian rhythms in lung cancer could guide further lung cancer mechanism research and drug development that could lead to more effective treatments and improve patient outcomes.