University Hospital Centre Zagreb (ret.), Zagreb, Croatia; Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
Biosystems. 2022 Aug;218:104695. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104695. Epub 2022 May 14.
The fundamental role of symmetry in the genetic code is to decrease disorder between codons and to preserve the integrity of system. The Standard Genetic Code (SGC) table is structured alphabetically in a horizontal and vertical array of U-C-A-G bases only with aesthetic symmetry. We postulate "the symmetry theory of genetic code" which is based on the unique physicochemical purine - pyrimidine symmetry net between codons of our Supersymmetry genetic code (SSyGC) table. The common purine - pyrimidine symmetry net as "the golden rule" and a core of the SSyGC table is universal, remaining unchanged during all of evolution. It is identical for more than 30 known genetic codes including those that will be discovered in the future, as well as for all RNA and DNA species. The unique SSyGC table has five physicochemical symmetries between bases, codons, and amino acids: 1) purine - pyrimidine symmetry on the principle of the Watson - Crick pairing (A↔U, C↔G), 2) direct - complement symmetry between codons, 3) mirror symmetry between bases and codons, 4) A + T rich and C + G rich symmetry between codons, and 5) symmetry between position of amino acids. Opposite to the SGC table where the third base is inactive, in the SSyGC table the role of the third base in codons is dominant in creation of symmetries. There are also present for the first time the symmetric positions of all boxes with amino acids. Opposite of the SGC table, the SSyGC code table contains three sextets for Serine, Arginine, and Leucine, each with six codons, positioned in continuity. Multi - facet symmetries of the SSyGC table as a natural law exclude the individual random creation of amino acids even in primitive life form. Accordingly, we hypothesize that the contemporary life arose due to common activity of all natural amino acids. With discovery of the unique physicochemical Supersymmetry genetic code table, the new light is shed on the symmetry of the genetic code.
遗传密码的基本作用是减少密码子之间的无序性，保护系统的完整性。标准遗传密码（SGC）表按照 U-C-A-G 碱基的字母顺序水平和垂直排列，具有美学上的对称性。我们提出了“遗传密码的对称理论”，该理论基于我们的超对称遗传密码（SSyGC）表中密码子之间独特的嘌呤-嘧啶对称网络。常见的嘌呤-嘧啶对称网络作为“黄金法则”和 SSyGC 表的核心是普遍的，在整个进化过程中保持不变。它适用于 30 多种已知的遗传密码，包括未来将发现的遗传密码，以及所有的 RNA 和 DNA 物种。独特的 SSyGC 表具有碱基、密码子和氨基酸之间的五个理化对称性：1）基于 Watson-Crick 配对原则的嘌呤-嘧啶对称性（A↔U，C↔G），2）密码子之间的直接互补对称性，3）碱基和密码子之间的镜像对称性，4）密码子之间 A+T 丰富和 C+G 丰富的对称性，5）氨基酸位置的对称性。与 SGC 表中第三碱基不活跃相反，在 SSyGC 表中，密码子中第三碱基在创造对称性方面起主导作用。氨基酸的所有框的对称位置也首次出现。与 SGC 表相反，SSyGC 码表包含三个六联体，用于丝氨酸、精氨酸和亮氨酸，每个六联体包含六个连续排列的密码子。SSyGC 表的多方面对称性作为自然法则，排除了即使在原始生命形式中氨基酸的单独随机产生。因此，我们假设现代生命是由于所有天然氨基酸的共同活动而产生的。随着独特的理化超对称遗传密码表的发现，遗传密码的对称性有了新的认识。
