Dynamic modulation of neural feedback processing and attention during spatial probabilistic learning.

Learned stimulus-reward associations can modulate behavior and the underlying neural processing of information. We investigated the cascade of these neurocognitive mechanisms involved in the learning of stimulus-reward associations. Using electroencephalogram recordings while participants performed a probabilistic spatial reward learning task, we observed that the feedback-related negativity component was more negative in response to loss feedback compared to gain feedback but showed no modulation by learning. The late positive component became larger in response to losses as the learning set progressed but smaller in response to gains. In addition, feedback-locked alpha frequency oscillations measured over occipital sites were predictive of N2pc amplitudes-a marker of spatial attention orienting-observed on the next trial. This relationship was found to become stronger with learning set progression. Taken together, we elucidated neurocognitive dynamics underlying feedback processing during spatial reward learning, and the subsequent effects of these learned spatial stimulus-reward associations on spatial attention.