Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department Bioaccumulation and Animal Metabolism, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany; Institute of Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Sep 15;839:156079. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156079. Epub 2022 May 21.
Silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO) nanoparticles (NPs) are released into aquatic environments through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Even though these NPs are mostly retained in WWTPs, a small fraction can be found in released effluents and may exert toxic effects on aquatic biota. Currently, the available information about the sublethal effects of wastewater-borne NPs on aquatic organisms is inconclusive and the importance of exposure media remains poorly understood. Previously, we demonstrated that rainbow trout juveniles chronically exposed to wastewater-borne AgNPs or TiONPs caused no effects on growth, but antioxidative stress mechanisms were triggered in fish organs. Accordingly, this study aimed to: (i) assess the chronic (21-d) effects of wastewater-borne AgNPs (0.3-23.5 μg L Ag) and TiONPs (2.7-3.9 μg L Ti) on survival, growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna; (ii) determine the short-term (96-h) effects of wastewater-borne AgNPs (30.3 μg L Ag) and TiONPs (6.3 μg L Ti) at the subcellular level (biochemical markers of neurotoxicity, anaerobic metabolism and oxidative stress); and (iii) compare the effects obtained in (i) and (ii) with the corresponding ones induced by effluent-supplemented and water-dispersed NPs. Total Ag and Ti levels were analytically quantified in all treatments. It was demonstrated that both wastewater-borne NPs are considered non-toxic to daphnids at tested concentrations, considering the endpoints at the individual (survival, growth, reproduction) and subcellular (biochemical markers) levels. Contrarily, when pristine forms of NPs were supplemented to effluents or water, concentration-dependent effects were noticed, particularly on cumulative offspring of daphnids. The significant effects on anaerobic metabolism and detoxification pathways caused by the effluent indicate background toxicity. Bearing in mind the achievement of a suitable risk assessment of NPs in aquatic environments, this combined approach looking at both the individual and subcellular levels responses come up with relevant information about the ecotoxicological harmlessness of wastewater-borne NPs in complex environmental matrices like WWTP effluents.
银（Ag）和二氧化钛（TiO）纳米颗粒（NPs）通过废水处理厂（WWTP）释放到水生环境中。尽管这些 NPs 大多在 WWTP 中被截留，但仍有一小部分会出现在释放的废水中，并可能对水生生物产生毒性影响。目前，关于废水携带的 NPs 对水生生物的亚致死效应的可用信息尚无定论，而且对暴露介质的重要性仍了解甚少。此前，我们证明了慢性暴露于废水中携带的 AgNPs 或 TiONPs 的虹鳟幼鱼的生长没有受到影响，但鱼类器官中的抗氧化应激机制被触发。因此，本研究旨在：（i）评估废水中携带的 AgNPs（0.3-23.5 μg L Ag）和 TiONPs（2.7-3.9 μg L Ti）对大型溞的慢性（21 天）生存、生长和繁殖的影响；（ii）确定废水中携带的 AgNPs（30.3 μg L Ag）和 TiONPs（6.3 μg L Ti）在亚细胞水平（神经毒性、厌氧代谢和氧化应激的生化标志物）的短期（96 小时）影响；（iii）将（i）和（ii）中获得的影响与补充污水和水分散的 NPs 引起的影响进行比较。所有处理均对总 Ag 和 Ti 水平进行了分析定量。结果表明，在测试浓度下，废水中携带的两种 NPs 均被认为对大型溞无毒，考虑到个体（生存、生长、繁殖）和亚细胞（生化标志物）水平的终点。相反，当原始 NPs 被添加到污水或水中时，会注意到浓度依赖性的影响，特别是对大型溞的累积后代。污水中解毒和厌氧代谢途径的显著影响表明存在背景毒性。考虑到对水生环境中 NPs 进行适当风险评估的实现，这种同时关注个体和亚细胞水平反应的综合方法提供了关于复杂环境基质（如 WWTP 污水）中废水中携带的 NPs 生态毒理学无害性的相关信息。
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015-12
Aquat Toxicol. 2016-5
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2013-5-26
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