Center for Human Genome Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.
Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
FASEB J. 2022 Jun;36(6):e22366. doi: 10.1096/fj.202101690RR.
AGGF1 is an angiogenic factor with G-Patch and FHA domains 1 described by our group. Gain-of-function mutations in AGGF1 cause Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, whereas somatic loss-of-function mutations cause cancer. Paraspeckles are small membraneless subnuclear structures with a diameter of 0.5-1 μm, and composed of lncRNA NEAT1 as the scaffold and three core RNA-binding proteins NONO, PSPC1, and PSF. Here, we show that AGGF1 is a key regulatory and structural component of paraspeckles that induces paraspeckle formation, forms an outside rim of paraspeckles, wraps around the NONO/PSF/PSPC1/NEAT1 core, and regulates the size and number of paraspeckles. AGGF1-paraspeckles are larger (>1 μm) than conventional paraspeckles. RNA-FISH in combination with immunostaining shows that AGGF1, NONO, and NEAT1_2 co-localize in 20.58% of NEAT1_2-positive paraspeckles. Mechanistically, AGGF1 interacts with NONO, PSF, and HNRNPK, and upregulates NEAT1_2, a longer, 23 kb NEAT1 transcript with a key role in regulation of paraspeckle size and number. RNA-immunoprecipitation shows that AGGF1 interacts with NEAT1, which may be another possible mechanism underlying the formation of AGGF1-paraspeckles. NEAT1_2 knockdown reduces the number and size of AGGF1-paraspeckles. Functionally, AGGF1 regulates alternative RNA splicing as it decreases the exon skipping/inclusion ratio in a CD44 model. AGGF1 is also localized in some nuclear foci without NEAT1 or NONO, suggesting that AGGF1 is an important liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) driver for other types of AGGF1-positive nuclear condensates (referred to as AGGF1-bodies). Our results identify a special type of AGGF1-coated paraspeckles and provide important insights into the formation, structure, and function of paraspeckles.
AGGF1 是我们课题组发现的一种具有 G-Patch 和 FHA 结构域的血管生成因子。AGGF1 的功能获得性突变会导致 Klippel-Trenaunay 综合征,而体细胞功能丧失性突变则会导致癌症。核体是一种直径为 0.5-1μm 的无膜亚核结构,由 lncRNA NEAT1 作为支架和三个核心 RNA 结合蛋白 NONO、PSPC1 和 PSF 组成。在这里,我们表明 AGGF1 是核体的关键调节和结构组成部分,它可以诱导核体的形成,形成核体的外边缘,包裹 NONO/PSF/PSPC1/NEAT1 核心,并调节核体的大小和数量。AGGF1 核体比传统核体更大(>1μm)。RNA-FISH 结合免疫染色显示,AGGF1、NONO 和 NEAT1_2 在 20.58%的 NEAT1_2 阳性核体中共同定位。在机制上,AGGF1 与 NONO、PSF 和 HNRNPK 相互作用,并上调 NEAT1_2,这是一种更长的 23kb 的 NEAT1 转录本,在调节核体的大小和数量方面起着关键作用。RNA 免疫沉淀显示,AGGF1 与 NEAT1 相互作用,这可能是形成 AGGF1 核体的另一种可能机制。NEAT1_2 敲低会减少 AGGF1 核体的数量和大小。在功能上,AGGF1 调节选择性 RNA 剪接,因为它降低了 CD44 模型中外显子跳跃/包含率。AGGF1 也定位于没有 NEAT1 或 NONO 的一些核焦点中,这表明 AGGF1 是其他类型的 AGGF1 阳性核凝聚物(称为 AGGF1 体)的重要液-液相分离(LLPS)驱动因素。我们的结果确定了一种特殊类型的 AGGF1 包裹的核体,并为核体的形成、结构和功能提供了重要的见解。
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