Staes Nicky, Vermeulen Kim, van Leeuwen Edwin J C, Verspeek Jonas, Torfs Jonas R R, Eens Marcel, Stevens Jeroen M G
Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium.
Biology (Basel). 2022 May 6;11(5):713. doi: 10.3390/biology11050713.
This study aimed to construct a composite model of Dyadic Cofeeding Tolerance (DCT) in zoo-housed bonobos and chimpanzees using a validated experimental cofeeding paradigm and to investigate whether components resulting from this model differ between the two species or vary with factors such as sex, age, kinship and social bond strength. Using dimension reduction analysis on five behavioral variables from the experimental paradigm (proximity, aggression, food transfers, negative food behavior, participation), we found a two-factor model: "Tolerant Cofeeding" and "Agonistic Cofeeding". To investigate the role of social bond quality on DCT components alongside species effects, we constructed and validated a novel relationship quality model for bonobos and chimpanzees combined, resulting in two factors: Relationship Value and Incompatibility. Interestingly, bonobos and chimpanzees did not differ in DCT scores, and sex and kinship effects were identical in both species but biased by avoidance of the resource zone by male-male dyads in bonobos. Social bonds impacted DCT similarly in both species, as dyads with high Relationship Value showed more Tolerant Cofeeding, while dyads with higher Relationship Incompatibility showed more Agonistic Cofeeding. We showed that composite DCT models can be constructed that take into account both negative and positive cofeeding behavior. The resulting DCT scores were predicted by sex, kinship and social bonds in a similar fashion in both species, likely reflecting their adaptability to changing socio-ecological environments. This novel operational measure to quantify cofeeding tolerance can now be applied to a wider range of species in captivity and the wild to see how variation in local socio-ecological circumstances influences fitness interdependence and cofeeding tolerance at the dyadic and group levels. This can ultimately lead to a better understanding of how local environments have shaped the evolution of tolerance in humans and other species.
本研究旨在使用经过验证的实验性共同进食范式构建圈养倭黑猩猩和黑猩猩的二元共同进食耐受性（DCT）复合模型，并调查该模型产生的组成部分在这两个物种之间是否存在差异，或者是否随性别、年龄、亲属关系和社会联系强度等因素而变化。通过对实验范式中的五个行为变量（接近度、攻击性、食物转移、负面食物行为、参与度）进行降维分析，我们发现了一个双因素模型：“耐受性共同进食”和“冲突性共同进食”。为了研究社会联系质量在DCT组成部分中的作用以及物种效应，我们构建并验证了一个针对倭黑猩猩和黑猩猩组合的新型关系质量模型，得到了两个因素：关系价值和不相容性。有趣的是，倭黑猩猩和黑猩猩在DCT得分上没有差异，性别和亲属关系效应在两个物种中是相同的，但在倭黑猩猩中，雄性二元组对资源区的回避导致了偏差。社会联系对两个物种的DCT影响相似，关系价值高的二元组表现出更多的耐受性共同进食，而关系不相容性高的二元组表现出更多的冲突性共同进食。我们表明，可以构建考虑到负面和正面共同进食行为的复合DCT模型。在两个物种中，所得的DCT得分都以类似的方式由性别、亲属关系和社会联系预测，这可能反映了它们对不断变化的社会生态环境的适应性。这种量化共同进食耐受性的新型操作方法现在可以应用于更广泛的圈养和野生物种，以了解当地社会生态环境的变化如何影响二元组和群体层面的适应性相互依赖和共同进食耐受性。这最终可以更好地理解当地环境如何塑造了人类和其他物种的耐受性进化。
