Sepand Mohammad Reza, Bigdelou Banafsheh, Ho Jim Q, Sharaf Mohammad, Lannigan Alexis J, Sullivan Ian M, da Silva Alecsander P, Barrett Leland O, McGoldrick Scott, Lnu Yuvraj, Lynch Shannon E, Boisclair Jared M, Barnard-Pratt Dakarai D, Zanganeh Steven
Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA.
Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
Antibodies (Basel). 2022 May 12;11(2):35. doi: 10.3390/antib11020035.
Questions and concerns regarding the efficacy and immunogenicity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have plagued scientists since the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was introduced in late 2020. As a result, decisions about vaccine boosters based on breakthrough infection rates and the decline of antibody titers have commanded worldwide attention and research. COVID-19 patients have displayed continued severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-spike-protein-specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies in longitudinal studies; in addition, cytokine activation has been detected at early steps following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Epitopes that are highly reactive and can mediate long-term antibody responses have been identified at the spike and ORF1ab proteins. The N-terminal domain of the S1 and S2 subunits is the location of important SARS-CoV-2 spike protein epitopes. High sequence identity between earlier and newer variants of SARS-CoV-2 and different degrees of sequence homology among endemic human coronaviruses have been observed. Understanding the extent and duration of protective immunity is consequential for determining the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Further knowledge of memory responses to different variants of SARS-CoV-2 is needed to improve the design of the vaccine.
自2020年末引入BNT162b2 mRNA疫苗以来，关于2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）疫苗的效力和免疫原性的问题与担忧一直困扰着科学家。因此，基于突破性感染率和抗体滴度下降情况做出的疫苗加强针决策引起了全球关注与研究。在纵向研究中，COVID-19患者体内持续存在严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）刺突蛋白特异性抗体和中和抗体；此外，在SARS-CoV-2感染后的早期阶段检测到了细胞因子激活。在刺突蛋白和ORF1ab蛋白上已鉴定出具有高反应性且能介导长期抗体反应的表位。S1和S2亚基的N端结构域是重要的SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白表位所在位置。已观察到SARS-CoV-2早期和新变种之间具有高度序列同一性，以及地方性人类冠状病毒之间存在不同程度的序列同源性。了解保护性免疫的程度和持续时间对于确定COVID-19大流行的进程至关重要。需要进一步了解针对SARS-CoV-2不同变种的记忆反应，以改进疫苗设计。
