Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
Front Immunol. 2022 May 16;13:882257. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882257. eCollection 2022.
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of brain tumor. Despite the multimodal therapies, the effectiveness of traditional treatments is not much satisfying. In recent years, immunotherapy has become the focus of tumor treatment. Unlike traditional treatments that directly target tumor cells, immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to kill tumors. However, due to the severe immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM, it generally has a poor response to immunotherapy. In addition, the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) also compromises the immunotherapeutic efficacy. Therefore, effective immunotherapy of GBM requires the therapeutic agents to not only efficiently cross the BBB but also relieve the strong immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment of GBM. In this review, we will first introduce the CNS immune system, immunosuppressive mechanism of GBM, and current GBM immunotherapy strategies. Then, we will discuss the development of nanomaterials for GBM immunotherapy based on different strategies, roughly divided into four parts: immune checkpoint therapy, targeting tumor-associated immune cells, activating immune cells through immunogenic cell death, and combination therapy, to provide new insights for future GBM immunotherapy.
胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）是最具侵袭性的脑肿瘤。尽管采用了多种治疗方法，但传统治疗方法的效果并不理想。近年来，免疫疗法已成为肿瘤治疗的焦点。与直接针对肿瘤细胞的传统治疗方法不同，免疫疗法利用人体的免疫系统来杀死肿瘤。然而，由于 GBM 严重的免疫抑制微环境，其对免疫疗法的反应通常较差。此外，血脑屏障（BBB）的存在也会影响免疫治疗的效果。因此，有效的 GBM 免疫治疗需要治疗剂不仅能够有效地穿过 BBB，还需要缓解 GBM 肿瘤微环境的强烈免疫抑制。在这篇综述中，我们将首先介绍中枢神经系统免疫系 统、GBM 的免疫抑制机制和当前的 GBM 免疫治疗策略。然后，我们将根据不同的策略讨论用于 GBM 免疫治疗的纳米材料的发展，大致分为四个部分：免疫检查点治疗、靶向肿瘤相关免疫细胞、通过免疫原性细胞死亡激活免疫细胞以及联合治疗，为未来的 GBM 免疫治疗提供新的思路。
