Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; email:
Annu Rev Virol. 2022 Sep 29;9(1):353-373. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-064218. Epub 2022 Jun 2.
Adaptive antiviral immunity in plants is an RNA-based mechanism in which small RNAs derived from both strands of the viral RNA are guides for an Argonaute (AGO) nuclease. The primed AGO specifically targets and silences the viral RNA. In plants this system has diversified to involve mobile small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), an amplification system involving secondary siRNAs and targeting mechanisms involving DNA methylation. Most, if not all, plant viruses encode multifunctional proteins that are suppressors of RNA silencing that may also influence the innate immune system and fine-tune the virus-host interaction. Animal viruses similarly trigger RNA silencing, although it may be masked in differentiated cells by the interferon system and by the action of the virus-encoded suppressor proteins. There is huge potential for RNA silencing to combat viral disease in crops, farm animals, and people, although there are complications associated with the various strategies for siRNA delivery including transgenesis. Alternative approaches could include using breeding or small molecule treatment to enhance the inherent antiviral capacity of infected cells.
植物中的适应性抗病毒免疫是一种基于 RNA 的机制，其中源自病毒 RNA 双链的小 RNA 是 Argonaute (AGO) 核酸酶的向导。有引物的 AGO 特异性地靶向并沉默病毒 RNA。在植物中，该系统已经多样化，涉及移动的小干扰 RNA (siRNA)、涉及二级 siRNA 的扩增系统以及涉及 DNA 甲基化的靶向机制。如果不是所有的话，大多数植物病毒编码多功能蛋白，这些蛋白是 RNA 沉默的抑制剂，它们也可能影响先天免疫系统并微调病毒-宿主相互作用。类似地，动物病毒也会触发 RNA 沉默，尽管干扰素系统和病毒编码的抑制蛋白的作用可能会使分化细胞中的 RNA 沉默“隐身”。尽管在利用 siRNA 进行递送时存在与各种策略相关的复杂性，包括转基因，但 RNA 沉默在防治农作物、家畜和人类的病毒病方面具有巨大的潜力。替代方法可能包括利用繁殖或小分子处理来增强受感染细胞的固有抗病毒能力。
