College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.
Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.
Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2023 Dec;43(5):753-769. doi: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2063106. Epub 2022 Jun 6.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have beneficial roles in a variety of human pathologies and disorders. Owing to the limited source of PUFAs in animals and plants, microorganisms, especially fungi, have become a new source of PUFAs. In fungi, fatty acid desaturases (F-FADS) are the main enzymes that convert saturated fatty acids (SFAs) into PUFAs. Their catalytic activities and substrate specificities, which are directly dependent on the structure of the FADS proteins, determine their efficiency to convert SFAs to PUFAs. Catalytic mechanisms underlying F-FADS activities can be determined from the findings of the relationship between their structure and function. In this review, the advances made in the past decade in terms of catalytic activities and substrate specificities of the fungal FADS cluster are summarized. The relationship between the key domain(s) and site(s) in F-FADS proteins and their catalytic activity is highlighted, and the FADS cluster is analyzed phylogenetically. In addition, subcellular localization of F-FADS is discussed. Finally, we provide prospective crystal structures of F-FADSs. The findings may provide a reference for the resolution of the crystal structures of F-FADS proteins and facilitate the increase in fungal PUFA production for human health.
多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFAs）在多种人类疾病和障碍中具有有益作用。由于动物和植物中 PUFAs 的来源有限，微生物，特别是真菌，已成为 PUFAs 的新来源。在真菌中，脂肪酸去饱和酶（F-FADS）是将饱和脂肪酸（SFAs）转化为 PUFAs 的主要酶。它们的催化活性和底物特异性直接取决于 FADS 蛋白的结构，决定了它们将 SFAs 转化为 PUFAs 的效率。通过发现其结构与功能之间的关系，可以确定 F-FADS 活性的催化机制。在这篇综述中，总结了过去十年真菌 FADS 簇的催化活性和底物特异性方面的进展。强调了 F-FADS 蛋白中关键结构域和位点与其催化活性之间的关系，并对 FADS 簇进行了系统发育分析。此外，还讨论了 F-FADS 的亚细胞定位。最后，我们提供了 F-FADS 的前瞻性晶体结构。这些发现可能为 F-FADS 蛋白晶体结构的解析提供参考，并有助于增加真菌 PUFAs 的产量，以促进人类健康。
