Sanyaolu Adekunle, Okorie Chuku, Marinkovic Aleksandra, Prakash Stephanie, Williams Martina, Haider Nafees, Mangat Jasmine, Hosein Zaheeda, Balendra Vyshnavy, Abbasi Abu Fahad, Desai Priyank, Jain Isha, Utulor Stephen, Abioye Amos
Federal Ministry of Health, Department of Public Health, New Federal Secretariat Complex, Phase III, Ahmadu Bello Way, Central Business District, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria.
Union County College, Plainfield, NJ, USA.
Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother. 2022 May 30;10:25151355221097559. doi: 10.1177/25151355221097559. eCollection 2022.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made a global impact on the daily lives of humanity, devastating health systems, and cataclysmically affecting the world's economy. Currently, the Standard Public Health Protective practices consist of but are not limited to wearing masks, social distancing, isolating sick and exposed people, and contact tracing. Scientists around the globe undertook swift scientific efforts to develop safe and effective therapeutics and vaccines to combat COVID-19. Presently, as of mid-March 2022, 57.05% of the world population have been fully vaccinated, and 65.3% of the United States of America's (USA) total population have been fully vaccinated while 76.7% have received at least one dose of the vaccine. This article explores the various vaccines created through modern science and technology, including their safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action. Although the vaccines produced are up to 95.0% efficacious, their efficacy wanes over time, underscoring the need for booster doses. Also, vaccination has not been able to prevent "breakthrough" infections. The limitations of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines indicate that further measures are required to ensure a firm control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the use of certain therapeutic agents because they have shown remarkable clinical outcomes. Several therapeutic agents for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 include Gilead's remdesivir, Regeneron's casirivimab and imdevimab combination, Eli Lilly's baricitinib and remdesivir combination, Pfizer's co-packaged nirmatrelvir tablets and ritonavir tablets, and Merck's molnupiravir capsules. Hence concerted efforts in early and accurate diagnosis, education on the COVID-19 virulence, transmission and preventive measures, global vaccination, and therapeutic agents could bring this COVID-19 pandemic under control across the globe.
2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）对人类的日常生活产生了全球性影响，破坏了卫生系统，并给世界经济带来了灾难性影响。目前，标准的公共卫生防护措施包括但不限于佩戴口罩、保持社交距离、隔离患病和暴露人群以及接触者追踪。全球科学家迅速展开科学研究，以开发安全有效的治疗方法和疫苗来对抗COVID-19。目前，截至2022年3月中旬，全球57.05%的人口已完全接种疫苗，美国总人口的65.3%已完全接种疫苗，76.7%的人至少接种了一剂疫苗。本文探讨了通过现代科学技术研发的各种疫苗，包括它们的安全性、有效性和作用机制。尽管所生产的疫苗有效性高达95.0%，但其有效性会随着时间的推移而减弱，这突出了接种加强针的必要性。此外，接种疫苗并未能预防“突破性”感染。SARS-CoV-2疫苗的局限性表明，需要采取进一步措施以确保对COVID-19大流行的有效控制。因此，美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）已发布紧急使用授权（EUA），允许使用某些治疗药物，因为它们已显示出显著的临床效果。几种用于治疗轻至中度COVID-19的治疗药物包括吉利德公司的瑞德西韦、再生元公司的卡西瑞韦单抗和伊德维单抗组合、礼来公司的巴瑞替尼和瑞德西韦组合、辉瑞公司的奈玛特韦片和利托那韦片联合包装以及默克公司的莫努匹拉韦胶囊。因此，在早期准确诊断、关于COVID-19毒性、传播和预防措施的教育、全球疫苗接种以及治疗药物等方面共同努力，有望在全球范围内控制住这场COVID-19大流行。
