Slathia Deepika, Jamwal Karan Dev
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Nov;29(51):76712-76727. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-21147-4. Epub 2022 Jun 7.
The present study evaluates and characterizes the water quality of River Tawi in Jammu city of Union Territory of J&K, using water quality index, multivariate statistical methods, and geospatial techniques. Water quality parameters were measured at fourteen selected sites along a 12 km (approx.) stretch of river (passing through the city) over two seasons (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) using standard methods. Water quality index (WQI) results demonstrated spatial and temporal variations and the pollution level of the river increased from upstream to downstream sites. Calculated WQI revealed 35.71% of the water samples in the unfit for drinking category, 28.57% in good and poor category each, and 7.14% samples in very poor drinking water category during the study period. Comparison of analysis results with the drinking water standards prescribed by the World Health Organization and Bureau of Indian standards recorded elevated ranges of parameters like turbidity, BOD, total alkalinity, nitrate, and faecal coliform beyond the permissible limits. Hierarchical cluster analysis has transformed the sites into two clusters during pre-monsoon and three clusters during post-monsoon season indicating more water quality variation during post-monsoon season. Principal component analysis resulted in two PCs for the water quality, explaining 80.827% and 73.672% of the variance for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The prepared WQI maps confirmed and depicted deterioration of river water quality towards the midstream and downstream sites of the river basin. Entry of major sewage drains from the city particularly at the midstream sites and dumping of solid waste and agricultural runoff towards the downstream sites of the river constituted the main anthropogenic sources that decreased the river water quality. The study establishes first step towards spatial zoning of River Tawi based on pollution level which would help in improving the river water quality through proper basin management. The study also recommends installation of sewage treatment plants particularly at the midstream and downstream sites.
本研究采用水质指数、多元统计方法和地理空间技术，对查谟和克什米尔联合属地查谟市的塔维河水质进行评估和特征分析。在两个季节（季风前和季风后），使用标准方法在沿河流（穿过城市）约12公里长的14个选定地点测量水质参数。水质指数（WQI）结果显示出空间和时间变化，河流污染水平从上游到下游站点呈上升趋势。计算得出的WQI显示，在研究期间，35.71%的水样属于不适宜饮用类别，28.57%属于良好和较差类别，7.14%的水样属于极差饮用水类别。将分析结果与世界卫生组织和印度标准局规定的饮用水标准进行比较，发现浊度、生化需氧量、总碱度、硝酸盐和粪大肠菌群等参数超出允许限值的范围有所升高。层次聚类分析在季风前将这些地点分为两个聚类，在季风后分为三个聚类，表明季风后季节水质变化更大。主成分分析得出水质的两个主成分，分别解释了季风前和季风后时期80.827%和73.672%的方差。所绘制的WQI地图证实并描绘了流域中游和下游站点河水质量的恶化情况。城市主要污水排放口的进入，特别是在中游站点，以及固体废物倾倒和农业径流流向河流下游站点，构成了导致河水质量下降的主要人为来源。该研究迈出了基于污染水平对塔维河进行空间分区的第一步，这将有助于通过适当的流域管理改善河水质量。该研究还建议特别在中游和下游站点安装污水处理厂。
