Central Water Commission, 110016, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
Environ Monit Assess. 2019 Mar 7;191(4):208. doi: 10.1007/s10661-019-7312-8.
This study represented the first comprehensive assessment of the physicochemical water quality status of the entire Yamuna River stretch in India. The upper zone had "excellent-to-good" water quality index (WQI) with mean 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values of 2.1 and 2.4 mg/L during monsoon and non-monsoon, respectively. The middle region was described by "poor-to-marginal" WQI with average BOD values of 13.1 mg/L (monsoon) and 32.3 mg/L (non-monsoon). The low WQI observations at the midstream region were due to the negative impact of two major drains, namely Najafgarh and Shahdara, that carry partially treated effluents from industrial units. Further, BOD decreased to 1.9 mg/L (monsoon) and 1.8 mg/L (non-monsoon) in the lower zone, and the WQI values improved to "good" and "excellent". The dilution and depuration effects of the Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, and Ken Rivers recovered the environmental conditions in downstream stations. The oxygen sag curve complied with the water quality status along the river stretch. Based on the principal component analysis, the Yamuna River was strongly influenced by dissolved mineral salts originating from atmospheric deposition, weathering of soils and rocks, and application of deicing chemicals and landfills. Moreover, organic and nutrient substances and biological activities resulting from the discharge of sewage, and the utilization of fertilizers in agriculture, were the second contributors to pollution. The statistical techniques employed in this work could be beneficial for decision-makers (government and stakeholders) to identify the pollution sources/factors and to determine the viability of water bodies for domestic applications.
本研究首次全面评估了印度亚穆纳河全段的理化水质状况。上区水质指数（WQI）为“优-良”，5 天生化需氧量（BOD）均值分别为 2.1 和 2.4mg/L，分别在季风和非季风期。中游地区的水质较差，WQI 平均值为 13.1mg/L（季风期）和 32.3mg/L（非季风期），BOD 值较高。中游地区的低 WQI 观测值是由于两条主要排水沟的负面影响，即纳杰夫加尔和沙德拉，它们携带来自工业单位的部分处理过的废水。此外，BOD 在下游区降至 1.9mg/L（季风期）和 1.8mg/L（非季风期），WQI 值提高到“良好”和“优秀”。Chambal、Sindh、Betwa 和 Ken 河的稀释和净化作用恢复了下游站的环境条件。氧耗曲线符合沿河流的水质状况。基于主成分分析，亚穆纳河受到大气沉积、土壤和岩石风化以及融雪化学物质和垃圾填埋场应用产生的溶解矿物盐的强烈影响。此外，污水排放和农业中化肥的利用所导致的有机和营养物质以及生物活性是污染的第二大来源。本研究中采用的统计技术可使决策者（政府和利益相关者）受益，以确定污染源/因素，并确定水体用于家庭用途的可行性。
