Metabolic consequences of PGC-1α dysregulation in adult zebrafish muscle.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α) is central to the regulation of cellular and mitochondrial energy homeostasis in mammals, but its role in other vertebrates remains unclear. Indeed, previous work suggests extensive structural and functional divergence of PGC-1α in teleosts but this remains to be directly tested. Here, we describe the initial characterization of heterozygous PGC-1α mutant zebrafish lines created by CRISPR-Cas9 disruptions of an evolutionarily conserved regulatory region of the PGC-1α proximal promoter. Using qPCR, we confirmed the disruption of PGC-1α gene expression in striated muscle, leading to a simultaneous fourfold increase in mixed skeletal muscle PGC-1α mRNA levels and an opposite fourfold downregulation in cardiac muscle. In mixed skeletal muscle, most downstream effector genes were largely unaffected yet two mitochondrial lipid transporters, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and -2, were strongly induced. Conversely, PGC-1α depression in cardiac muscle reduced the expression of several transcriptional regulators (estrogen-related receptor α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and PGC-1β) without altering metabolic gene expression. Using high-resolution respirometry, we determined that white muscle exhibited increased lipid oxidative capacity with little difference in markers of mitochondrial abundance. Finally, using whole animal intermittent respirometry, we show that mutant fish exhibit a twofold higher basal metabolism than their wild-type counterparts. Altogether, this new model confirms a central but complex role for PGC-1α in mediating energy utilization in zebrafish, and we propose its use as a valuable tool to explore the intricate regulatory pathways of energy homeostasis in a popular biomedical model.