CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500007, Telangana, India.
Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Environ Monit Assess. 2022 Jun 7;194(7):483. doi: 10.1007/s10661-022-10154-0.
Wetlands are the most productive and dynamic ecosystems, which have continuously been influenced by social and economic development. As a result, the pollution of wetland surface water and groundwater in adjacent regions has become an emerging global issue that requires constant monitoring and assessment. The current study investigates the natural and anthropogenic processes that influence surface and groundwater chemistry in and around Saman wetland (a Ramsar site) in the Ganges River Basin, India. Various physicochemical parameters are analyzed, and different hydrochemical indices are utilized to evaluate surface and groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes. It is observed that the waters are alkaline in nature and dominated by moderately hard to hard types. An increase in the concentration of nitrate (NO) in Saman wetland water is noted, which is possibly due to the leaching of nitrogen ions primarily from fertilizers, pesticides, animal and human waste, and wastewater drained from brick and other factories. The elevated fluoride (F) content in studied groundwater samples is mainly governed by geogenic processes. Furthermore, surface and groundwater chemistry are mainly controlled by weathering reaction (rock-water interaction), excluding a few wetland surface water samples that are placed outside the boomerang-shaped boundaries of Gibb's diagram, which suggests evaporated dominance. Water Quality Index (WQI) estimation suggests that around 57% of groundwater samples have poor groundwater quality for drinking purposes. Estimation of irrigation water quality indices suggests that surface water of Saman wetland is permissible for irrigation purposes; however, none of the samples have excellent and good class as per sodium (alkali) hazard. Furthermore, health risk assessment showed that NO and F levels in the groundwater pose noncarcinogenic health effects, preferably to children, and thus is unfit for drinking purposes. For long-term water resource management and conservation of the Saman wetland, this study suggests proper awareness, appropriate remedial measures, and regular monitoring of the surface as well as groundwater quality monitoring in the study region.
湿地是最具生产力和活力的生态系统，不断受到社会和经济发展的影响。因此，湿地地表水和邻近地区地下水的污染已成为一个新出现的全球性问题，需要不断监测和评估。本研究调查了影响印度恒河流域萨曼湿地（拉姆萨尔湿地）及其周边地区地表水和地下水化学的自然和人为过程。分析了各种理化参数，并利用不同的水化学指数评估了地表水和地下水的质量，以满足家庭和灌溉用水需求。结果表明，该地区的水呈碱性，主要属于中硬到硬水类型。萨曼湿地水中硝酸盐（NO）浓度增加，可能是由于氮离子主要从肥料、农药、动物和人类废物以及砖厂和其他工厂排出的废水淋滤所致。研究地下水样本中氟（F）含量升高主要受地球成因过程控制。此外，地表水和地下水化学主要受风化反应（岩石-水相互作用）控制，除了少数几个位于吉布斯图中月牙形边界之外的湿地地表水样本，表明蒸发作用占主导地位。水质指数（WQI）评估表明，约 57%的地下水样本水质较差，不适宜饮用。灌溉水质指数估计表明，萨曼湿地的地表水可用于灌溉目的；然而，根据钠（碱）危害，没有一个样本具有优秀和良好的等级。此外，健康风险评估表明，地下水中的 NO 和 F 水平对儿童等人群存在非致癌健康影响，因此不适合饮用。为了进行长期水资源管理和保护萨曼湿地，本研究建议在研究区域内进行适当的宣传、采取适当的补救措施以及定期监测地表水和地下水质量。
