The importance of personalized medicine in urological cancers.

A better understanding of key regulatory pathways involved in cancers has led to the development of molecularly targeted therapies. Molecular profiling based on genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in tumors provides clinicians with the necessary information to maintain a personalized therapeutic regimen according to the patient's needs. for example, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for advanced prostate cancer is one of the earliest forms of targeted therapy and has remained a choice of treatment by physicians. Unfortunately, most patients will eventually become non-responsive to ADT and succumb to the disease. Since the emergence of ADT, the understanding of androgen receptor (AR) signaling and mechanisms driving the resistance to ADT has been significantly improved. Inactivation of the PTEN gene is a common occurrence in prostate cancers and is associated with metastatic potential, androgen independence, and poor prognosis. Several studies over personalized medicine for muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer discussed potential molecular biomarkers which are currently under investigation and based on the excision repair gene and its role in tumor development and therapeutic resistance to cytotoxic DNA-damaging chemotherapy and ionizing radiation. In this review, we consider personalized medicine for four urological cancers.