Nicol Emily, Pearson Simon, Saxby David, Minahan Clare, Tor Elaine
Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Sports Med Open. 2022 Jun 8;8(1):75. doi: 10.1186/s40798-022-00467-2.
Breaststroke is a technically complex stroke characterised by discontinuous propulsive phases, large intracyclic velocity variation and low mean velocity. The performance of this stroke at an elite level is influenced by a number of biomechanical, physiological and psychological factors. The present systematic review aimed to synthesise the biomechanical factors influencing elite breaststroke swimming performance. This review aims to provide elite coaches and performance scientists with a breadth of knowledge from which training and racing interventions can be developed.
Electronic searches of Medline, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases were conducted in May 2020 and March 2022. Search results that were peer-reviewed, published in English and published during or after the year 2000 were considered for review. The methodological rigour of studies was assessed using a risk of bias scale previously used for the evaluation of sports science research.
Thirty-eight articles were included in the present review. Articles investigated elite breaststroke performance in relation to one of the following areas: stroke kinematics, temporal patterns, neuromuscular activity, pacing and kinetics.
Kinematic, temporal and neuromuscular activity comparisons between groups of various race distance, performance or experience level, and athlete sex were common in the literature. These analyses demonstrated differences in stroke rate, stroke length, propulsive time, recovery time, glide time, sum of total integrated EMG and triceps brachii activation patterns between groups. The evaluation of various pacing strategies, and the relationship between kinetics and breaststroke performance was comparatively rare within the literature. Further research into the relationship between kinetics and breaststroke performance, and the manipulation of pacing strategy would increase the breadth of knowledge from which coaches and performance scientists can develop evidence-based training and racing interventions.
蛙泳是一种技术复杂的泳姿，其特点是推进阶段不连续、周期内速度变化大且平均速度低。在精英水平上，这种泳姿的表现受多种生物力学、生理和心理因素影响。本系统综述旨在综合影响精英蛙泳游泳表现的生物力学因素。本综述旨在为精英教练和运动表现科学家提供广泛的知识，以便据此制定训练和比赛干预措施。
于2020年5月和2022年3月对Medline、Scopus和SPORTDiscus数据库进行了电子检索。纳入综述的研究需为经过同行评审、以英文发表且发表于2000年及以后。使用先前用于评估体育科学研究的偏倚风险量表评估研究的方法严谨性。
本综述纳入了38篇文章。这些文章研究了精英蛙泳表现与以下领域之一的关系：划水运动学、时间模式、神经肌肉活动、配速和动力学。
文献中常见不同种族距离、表现或经验水平组以及运动员性别之间的运动学、时间和神经肌肉活动比较。这些分析表明，不同组之间在划水频率、划水长度、推进时间、恢复时间、滑行时间、肌电图总和以及肱三头肌激活模式方面存在差异。文献中对各种配速策略的评估以及动力学与蛙泳表现之间的关系相对较少。对动力学与蛙泳表现之间的关系以及配速策略的操控进行进一步研究，将增加教练和运动表现科学家可据此制定循证训练和比赛干预措施的知识广度。
