Olstad Bjørn Harald, Vaz João Rocha, Zinner Christoph, Cabri Jan M H, Kjendlie Per-Ludvik
a Department of Physical Performance , Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway.
b Laboratory of Motor Behavior, CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics , University of Lisbon , Lisbon , Portugal.
J Sports Sci. 2017 Jun;35(11):1107-1117. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1211306. Epub 2016 Jul 25.
The aims of this study were to describe muscular activation patterns and kinematic variables during the complete stroke cycle (SC) and the different phases of breaststroke swimming at submaximal and maximal efforts. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was collected from eight muscles in nine elite swimmers; five females (age 20.3 ± 5.4 years; Fédération Internationale de Natation [FINA] points 815 ± 160) and four males (27.7 ± 7.1 years; FINA points 879 ± 151). Underwater cameras were used for 3D kinematic analysis with automatic motion tracking. The participants swam 25 m of breaststroke at 60%, 80% and 100% effort and each SC was divided into three phases: knee extension, knee extended and knee flexion. With increasing effort, the swimmers decreased their SC distance and increased their velocity and stroke rate. A decrease during the different phases was found for duration during knee extended and knee flexion, distance during knee extended and knee angle at the beginning of knee extension with increasing effort. Velocity increased for all phases. The mean activation pattern remained similar across the different effort levels, but the muscles showed longer activation periods relative to the SC and increased integrated sEMG (except trapezius) with increasing effort. The muscle activation patterns, muscular participation and kinematics assessed in this study with elite breaststroke swimmers contribute to a better understanding of the stroke and what occurs at different effort levels. This could be used as a reference for optimising breaststroke training to improve performance.
本研究的目的是描述在次最大和最大努力下，完整划水周期（SC）以及蛙泳不同阶段的肌肉激活模式和运动学变量。从9名优秀游泳运动员的8块肌肉中采集表面肌电图（sEMG）；5名女性（年龄20.3±5.4岁；国际泳联[FINA]积分815±160）和4名男性（27.7±7.1岁；FINA积分879±151）。使用水下摄像机进行自动运动跟踪的三维运动学分析。参与者以60%、80%和100%的努力游25米蛙泳，每个SC分为三个阶段：膝关节伸展、膝关节伸展和膝关节屈曲。随着努力程度的增加，游泳者的SC距离减小，速度和划频增加。随着努力程度的增加，在膝关节伸展和膝关节屈曲阶段的持续时间缩短，膝关节伸展阶段的距离缩短，膝关节伸展开始时的膝关节角度减小。所有阶段的速度均增加。在不同努力水平下，平均激活模式保持相似，但随着努力程度的增加，肌肉相对于SC的激活期延长，积分sEMG增加（斜方肌除外）。本研究中对优秀蛙泳运动员的肌肉激活模式、肌肉参与情况和运动学进行的评估，有助于更好地理解划水动作以及在不同努力水平下发生的情况。这可作为优化蛙泳训练以提高成绩的参考。
