Gupta Varsha, Kumar Dinesh, Dwivedi Anamika, Vishwakarma Umesh, Malik D S, Paroha Seema, Mohan Narendra, Gupta Neelima
Department of Life Sciences, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, UP, 208024, India.
Veer Bahadur Singh Poorvanchal University, Jaunpur, India.
Environ Geochem Health. 2023 May;45(5):1807-1818. doi: 10.1007/s10653-022-01290-0. Epub 2022 Jun 8.
Exponential industrialization and anthropogenic activities have resulted in water contamination by various heavy metals in Kanpur city, India. Heavy metal pollution, an issue of great concern, is not only affecting river water, but contamination of groundwater is creating health issues and worries. In the present investigation, blood samples were collected from selected volunteers, water and sediment samples from four sites of river Ganga and drinking groundwater samples from 23 locations of Kanpur city. Heavy metals analysis in river water, sediment, and human blood, was done by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used for groundwater samples. Human blood showed a high concentration of arsenic (As) (66.6 ± 0.00 and 76.9 ± 0.01 μg L in males and female subjects, respectively) and thallium (Tl) (13.4 ± 0.004 and 16.6 ± 0.005 μg L in males and female subjects, respectively) with higher concentrations in females than males. Other heavy metals (Nickle, Beryllium, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Lithium, Molybdenum, Lead) were not observed in any of the tested human blood samples. However, in groundwater sampling, iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and arsenic (As) were detected, one sample had the presence of chromium (Cr), and two samples showed lead (Pb) contamination. River water [Cu (32-125 μg L), Cr (19-725 μg L), Cd (1-59 μg L), Pb (37-163 μg L), As (32-153 μg L), Th (26.75 μg L)] showed a high level of the heavy metals, as compared to reference values of BIS, CPCB (2016a), WHO, EPA and USEPA. River sediment [Cu (4168-34,470 μg Kg), Cr (4040-145,650 μg Kg), Cd (326-5340 μg Kg), Pb (1840-19,350 μg Kg), As (103-188 μg Kg)] also showed high concentration when compared to reference values of USEPA and PASS. River site 4, with high Cr (725 μg L), also showed Cr levels (19.8 μg L) in the groundwater samples, indicating Cr contamination in groundwater while Pb was observed at groundwater samples close to two industrial sites. Drinking water might be the primary exposure pathway for As and Tl to enter the human body. The study recommends periodic monitoring of river water, sediment, groundwater, and human blood samples for contamination of heavy metals.
指数式的工业化和人类活动导致了印度坎普尔市的各种重金属对水的污染。重金属污染是一个备受关注的问题，它不仅影响着河水，而且地下水的污染正在引发健康问题并令人担忧。在本次调查中，从选定的志愿者身上采集了血液样本，从恒河四个地点采集了水和沉积物样本，并从坎普尔市23个地点采集了饮用地下水样本。通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP - OES）对河水、沉积物和人体血液中的重金属进行了分析，地下水样本则使用原子吸收光谱法（AAS）进行分析。人体血液中砷（As）的浓度较高（男性受试者中为66.6±0.00μg/L，女性受试者中为76.9±0.01μg/L），铊（Tl）的浓度也较高（男性受试者中为13.4±0.004μg/L，女性受试者中为16.6±0.005μg/L），女性中的浓度高于男性。在任何测试的人体血液样本中均未观察到其他重金属（镍、铍、镉、钴、铬、锂、钼、铅）。然而，在地下水采样中，检测到了铁（Fe）、铜（Cu）和砷（As），一个样本中存在铬（Cr），两个样本显示有铅（Pb）污染。与印度标准局（BIS）、中央污染控制委员会（CPCB，2016a）、世界卫生组织（WHO）、美国环境保护局（EPA）和美国国家环境保护局（USEPA）的参考值相比，河水[铜（32 - 125μg/L）、铬（19 - 725μg/L）、镉（1 - 59μg/L）、铅（37 - 163μg/L）、砷（32 - 153μg/L）、钍（26.75μg/L）]显示出较高水平的重金属。与美国环境保护局（USEPA）和美国公共卫生协会（PASS）的参考值相比，河流沉积物[铜（4168 - 34470μg/Kg）、铬（4040 - 145650μg/Kg）、镉（326 - 5340μg/Kg）、铅（1840 - 19350μg/Kg）、砷（103 - 188μg/Kg）]也显示出高浓度。铬含量高（725μg/L）的河流站点4，其地下水样本中也显示出铬含量（19.8μg/L），表明地下水受到铬污染，而在靠近两个工业站点的地下水样本中观察到了铅。饮用水可能是砷和铊进入人体的主要暴露途径。该研究建议定期监测河水、沉积物、地下水和人体血液样本中的重金属污染情况。
