Thermodynamic and Kinetic Analyses of Ion Intercalation/Deintercalation Using Different Temperatures on NiHCF Electrodes for Battery Electrode Deionization.

Prussian blue analogues are used in electrochemical deionization due to their cation sorption capabilities and ion selectivity properties. Elucidating the fundamental mechanisms underlying intercalation/deintercalation is important for the development of ion-selective electrodes. We examined the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of nickel hexacyanoferrate electrodes by studying different temperatures effects on intercalation/deintercalation with monovalent ions (Li, Na, K, and NH) relevant to battery electrode deionization applications. Higher temperatures reduced the interfacial charge transfer resistance and increased the diffusion coefficient of cations in the solid material. Ion transport in the solid material, rather than interfacial charge transfer, was found to be the rate-controlling step, as shown by higher activation energies for ion transport (e.g., 31 ± 3 kJ/mol for K) than for interfacial charge transfer (5 ± 1 kJ/mol for K). The largest increase in cation adsorption capacity with temperature was observed for NH (28.1% from 15 to 75 °C) due to its smallest activation energy. These results indicate that ion hydration energy determines the intercalation potential and activation energies of ion transport in solid material control intercalation/deintercalation rate. Together with the endothermic behavior of deintercalation and exothermic behavior of intercalation, the higher operating temperature results in improvement of ion adsorption capacity depending on specific cations.