School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China; College of Materials and Chemistry, Tongren University, Tongren, 554300, China.
College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
Chemosphere. 2022 Sep;303(Pt 3):135193. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135193. Epub 2022 Jun 6.
Flue-cured tobacco is one of the important sources of national economy in China. However, Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the cultivation and growth management of flue-cured tobacco, and attracting more and more attention. Here, six priority PAEs were detected in tobacco and soils and their residue characteristics, pollution sources were analyzed, and their exposure risks to the health of farmers were assessed. The concentration of six total PAEs ranged from 0.78 to 4.79 mg/kg in tobacco with the average of 1.75 mg/kg, and 0.84-25.68 mg/kg in soils with the average of 5.40 mg/kg. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) had the highest detection frequency (DF = 100%) both in soil and tobacco samples. DEHP was the most abundant of the total PAEs in soil and tobacco samples, with the mean contribution values of 71.0% and 58.8%, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that the major sources of PAEs in the tobacco-soil system were plastic films, fertilizers and pesticides. Health risk assessment suggests that the non-cancer hazard indexes (NCHI) of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), DBP and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) in all samples for farmers were at acceptable levels (NCHI < 1), and the average carcinogenic hazard indexes (CHI) of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) and DEHP for farmers were 3.79 × 10 and 8.54 × 10 in soils, respectively, 8.23 × 10 and 1.95 × 10 in tobacco, respectively, which were considered to be very low level (CHI < 10). This study provides data on PAEs in tobacco and soils and their health risks which may provide valuable information to aid the management of tobacco cultivation and risk avoidance.
烤烟是中国国民经济的重要来源之一。然而，酞酸酯（PAEs）是烤烟种植和生长管理中普遍存在的污染物，越来越受到关注。本研究检测了烟草和土壤中的 6 种优先 PAEs，分析了其残留特征、污染源，并评估了其对烟农健康的暴露风险。烟草中 6 种总 PAEs 的浓度范围为 0.78-4.79mg/kg，平均值为 1.75mg/kg；土壤中浓度范围为 0.84-25.68mg/kg，平均值为 5.40mg/kg。在土壤和烟草样品中，邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）的检出率最高（DF=100%）。DEHP 是土壤和烟草样品中总 PAEs 最丰富的一种，其贡献率平均值分别为 71.0%和 58.8%。主成分分析（PCA）表明，烟草-土壤系统中 PAEs 的主要来源是塑料薄膜、肥料和农药。健康风险评估表明，所有样本中，对于烟农，DMP、DEP、DBP 和 DnOP 的非致癌危害指数（NCHI）均处于可接受水平（NCHI<1），而 BBP 和 DEHP 的平均致癌危害指数（CHI）分别为 8.23×10和 1.95×10，均处于土壤中；分别为 3.79×10和 8.54×10，均处于烟草中，均属于非常低水平（CHI<10）。本研究提供了烟草和土壤中 PAEs 及其健康风险的数据，这可能为烟草种植管理和风险规避提供有价值的信息。
