Assessment of microcystins in surface water and irrigated vegetables in Kwaru stream, Hayin Danmani, Kaduna-Nigeria.

Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic secondary metabolites produced by several genera of cyanobacteria. Human exposure routes include drinking contaminated water and consuming contaminated fish, vegetables, crops, and even food supplements that contain cyanotoxin. This study investigated the presence of MCs in a stream with a long history of use as a source of water for irrigation farming. To establish the risk of a lack of monitoring programs, we studied MCs contamination of irrigated vegetables. Toxin levels in the water were generally <0.05 μg L in all the investigated stations. Total microcystin concentrations in spinach (0.306 μg Kg upstream and 0.217 μg Kg downstream), lettuce (0.085 μg Kg upstream and 0.462 μg Kg downstream), carrot (0.050 μg Kg downstream and 0.116 μg Kg downstream), cabbage (0.014 μg Kg upstream and 0.031 μg Kg downstream), tomatoes (0.233 μg Kg upstream), and bitter leaf (0.460 μg Kg upstream and 0.050 μg Kg downstream) collected in March were higher than the levels detected in samples of the same vegetables collected in April. These results highlight Nigeria's severe public health problem, especially in regions with long dry season spells. The level of MCs contamination of irrigated vegetables implies a potential for chronic exposure and associated health challenges.