Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08855, USA.
Biosystems. 2022 Sep;219:104715. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104715. Epub 2022 Jun 8.
The process of computing may be defined simply as the goal-directed selection process (GDSP) that selects m out of n possible choices to achieve some desired goals, thereby generating or utilizing the amount of Shannon information, I, that can be approximated as I = - log (m/n) bits. There are at least 3 distinct kinds of the physicochemical systems that can execute GDSP; (i) enzymes (i.e., microscopic or molecular computers), (ii) living cells (as mesoscopic computers), and (iii) brains (as macroscopic computers). In order to help define the principles and mechanisms underlying cell computing, it was thought necessary to compare cell computers with molecular computers (e.g., enzymes) on the one hand and with the macroscopic computers (e.g., Turing machine) on the other. It was concluded that all these different kinds of computers are ultimately driven by the information-energy particle called gnergons, consistent with the Gnergy Principle of Organization formulated by the present auditor in 2018. Also, it was concluded that to delineate how cells compute supported by enzymes necessitated treating enzymes not only as particles but also as standing waves, thus leading to the postulate of the wave-particle duality of enzymes formulated in this paper for the first time, in analogy to the wave-particle duality of light formulated in physics about 100 years ago.
计算过程可以简单地定义为有目标导向的选择过程（GDSP），该过程从 n 个可能的选择中选择 m 个以实现某些期望的目标，从而产生或利用可以近似为 I =-log(m/n) 位的香农信息量 I。至少有 3 种不同类型的物理化学系统可以执行 GDSP；（i）酶（即微观或分子计算机），（ii）活细胞（作为介观计算机），和（iii）大脑（作为宏观计算机）。为了帮助定义细胞计算背后的原理和机制，人们认为有必要将细胞计算机与分子计算机（例如酶）一方面进行比较，与宏观计算机（例如图灵机）另一方面进行比较。得出的结论是，所有这些不同类型的计算机最终都是由被称为 gnergons 的信息-能量粒子驱动的，这与本审计员在 2018 年制定的 Gnergy 组织原则一致。此外，还得出结论，要阐明由酶支持的细胞如何进行计算，就必须不仅将酶视为粒子，而且将其视为驻波，从而首次提出了本文中酶的波粒二象性假设，这与大约 100 年前物理学中提出的光的波粒二象性假设类似。
