Mazumder Payal, Dash Siddhant, Honda Ryo, Sonne Christian, Kumar Manish
Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India.
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
Curr Opin Environ Sci Health. 2022 Aug;28:100363. doi: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100363. Epub 2022 Apr 10.
The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater systems provides a primary indication of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread throughout communities worldwide. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (dd-PCR) or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) administration of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewaters provides a reliable and efficient technology for gathering secondary local-level public health data. Often the accuracy of prevalence estimation is hampered by many methodological issues connected with wastewater surveillance. Still, more studies are needed to use and create efficient approaches for deciphering the actual SARS-CoV-2 indication from noise in the specimens/samples. Nearly 39-65% of positive patients and asymptomatic carriers expel the virus through their faeces however, only ∼6% of the infected hosts eject it through their urine. COVID-19 positive patients can shed the remnants of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus within the concentrations ∼10-10 copies/L. However, it can decrease up to 10 copies/L in wastewaters due to dilution. Environmental virology and microbiology laboratories play a significant role in the identification and analysis of SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) in waste and ambient waters worldwide. Virus extraction or recovery from the wastewater (However, due to lack of knowledge, established procedures, and integrated quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) approaches, the novel coronavirus RNA investigation for estimating current illnesses and predicting future outbreaks is insufficient and/or conducted inadequately. The present manuscript is a technical review of the various methods and factors considered during the identification of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in wastewaters and/or sludge, including tips and tricks to be taken care of during sampling, virus concentration, normalization, PCR inhibition, and trend line smoothening when compared with clinically active/positive cases.
污水系统中严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）的存在是2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）在全球社区传播的主要指标。对污水中的SARS-CoV-2进行液滴数字聚合酶链反应（dd-PCR）或逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测，为收集二级本地公共卫生数据提供了一种可靠且高效的技术。通常，患病率估计的准确性受到与污水监测相关的许多方法学问题的阻碍。不过，仍需要更多研究来使用和创建有效的方法，以便从样本中的噪声中解读出实际的SARS-CoV-2信号。近39%-65%的阳性患者和无症状携带者通过粪便排出病毒，然而，只有约6%的受感染宿主通过尿液排出病毒。COVID-19阳性患者可在浓度约为10⁶-10⁷拷贝/升的情况下排出SARS-CoV-2 RNA病毒的残余物。然而，由于稀释作用，其在污水中的浓度可降至10³拷贝/升。环境病毒学和微生物学实验室在全球范围内对污水和环境水体中SARS-CoV-2核糖核酸（RNA）的鉴定和分析中发挥着重要作用。从污水中提取或回收病毒（然而，由于缺乏知识、既定程序以及综合质量保证/质量控制（QA/QC）方法，用于估计当前疾病和预测未来疫情爆发的新型冠状病毒RNA调查并不充分，且/或执行不当。本手稿是对在污水和/或污泥中鉴定SARS-CoV-2遗传物质过程中所考虑的各种方法和因素的技术综述，包括与临床活跃/阳性病例相比，在采样、病毒浓缩、标准化、PCR抑制以及趋势线平滑处理时需要注意的技巧。
