Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
Clinical Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2022 Jul;31(3):343-361. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2022.03.002. Epub 2022 May 11.
Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an early-onset disorder with many functional impairments and psychiatric comorbidities. Although no treatment fully mitigates impairments associated with ADHD, effective management is possible with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments. The etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD are remarkably complex and the disorder is continuously distributed in the population. While these findings have been well documented in studies with predominantly white samples, ADHD may affect racial and ethnic minorities differentially, given diagnostic and treatment disparities. This review provides an updated overview of the epidemiology, etiology, neurobiology, and neuropharmacology of ADHD, addressing racial and ethnic disparities whereby data are available.
成人注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种发病早的疾病，存在许多功能障碍和精神共病。虽然没有治疗方法可以完全减轻 ADHD 相关的障碍，但通过药物和非药物治疗是可以进行有效管理的。ADHD 的病因和病理生理学非常复杂，该疾病在人群中不断分布。虽然在主要为白人样本的研究中已经充分记录了这些发现，但鉴于诊断和治疗方面的差异，ADHD 可能会对不同的种族和族裔产生不同的影响。本综述提供了 ADHD 的流行病学、病因、神经生物学和神经药理学的最新概述，讨论了现有的种族和族裔差异数据。
