Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024 Feb 22;10(1):11. doi: 10.1038/s41572-024-00495-0.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; also known as hyperkinetic disorder) is a common neurodevelopmental condition that affects children and adults worldwide. ADHD has a predominantly genetic aetiology that involves common and rare genetic variants. Some environmental correlates of the disorder have been discovered but causation has been difficult to establish. The heterogeneity of the condition is evident in the diverse presentation of symptoms and levels of impairment, the numerous co-occurring mental and physical conditions, the various domains of neurocognitive impairment, and extensive minor structural and functional brain differences. The diagnosis of ADHD is reliable and valid when evaluated with standard diagnostic criteria. Curative treatments for ADHD do not exist but evidence-based treatments substantially reduce symptoms and/or functional impairment. Medications are effective for core symptoms and are usually well tolerated. Some non-pharmacological treatments are valuable, especially for improving adaptive functioning. Clinical and neurobiological research is ongoing and could lead to the creation of personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this disorder.
注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD；也称为多动障碍）是一种常见的神经发育障碍，影响着全世界的儿童和成人。ADHD 主要具有遗传病因，涉及常见和罕见的遗传变异。已经发现了一些与该疾病相关的环境因素，但很难确定病因。该疾病的异质性在症状和损害程度的不同表现、众多同时发生的精神和身体疾病、神经认知障碍的各个领域以及广泛的轻微结构和功能脑差异中显而易见。当使用标准诊断标准进行评估时，ADHD 的诊断是可靠和有效的。目前还没有治愈 ADHD 的方法，但基于证据的治疗方法可以显著减轻症状和/或功能损害。药物对核心症状有效，通常耐受性良好。一些非药物治疗方法很有价值，尤其是改善适应功能。临床和神经生物学研究正在进行中，这可能会为这种疾病的个性化诊断和治疗方法的创建提供依据。
