Langholz Jeff, Lassoie James, Schelhas John
Program in International Environmental Policy, Monterey Institute of International Studies, 425 Van Buren, Monterey, CA 93940, U.S.A., email
Department of Natural Resources, 118 Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.
Conserv Biol. 2000 Dec 18;14(6):1735-1743. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.99049.x.
The alarming pace of tropical biodiversity loss requires development of innovative approaches for in situ biodiversity conservation. Incentive-based approaches have emerged as one possible option. We interviewed 68 private nature reserve owners to learn more about one of Costa Rica's incentive programs. The interview group included all reserve owners participating in the government's Private Wildlife Refuge Program (n = 22) and a control group of nonparticipating owners (n = 46). Quantitative and qualitative data led to seven main conclusions on the use of incentive programs: (1) a developing country can expand and enhance its formal park system through conservation incentives; (2) insufficient promotion, and resulting information gaps, can prevent an incentive program from realizing its full potential; (3) landowners enter a program not only in response to the intended incentive package, but also for several powerful and hidden incentives such as publicity and marketing purposes; (4) underutilization of official incentives by participants, in part due to sporadic delivery of incentives by the government, can undermine program effectiveness; (5) biodiversity protection goals can be accomplished by means of a wide range of incentives; (6) programs that require only a short-term commitment by landowners can still lead to long-term biodiversity protection; and ( 7) a program can produce unanticipated negative consequences at the national level, including putting conservation at odds with social justice. These and other lessons on the use of incentives should be of interest wherever biodiversity is threatened, wherever new conservation partners are being sought, and wherever incentive-based approaches are being considered.
热带生物多样性丧失的惊人速度要求开发创新的原地生物多样性保护方法。基于激励的方法已成为一种可能的选择。我们采访了68位私人自然保护区所有者，以更多地了解哥斯达黎加的一项激励计划。采访组包括所有参与政府“私人野生动物保护区计划”的保护区所有者（n = 22）和一个未参与计划的所有者对照组（n = 46）。定量和定性数据得出了关于激励计划使用的七个主要结论：（1）发展中国家可以通过保护激励措施扩大和加强其正式的公园系统；（2）推广不足以及由此产生的信息差距可能会阻止激励计划充分发挥其潜力；（3）土地所有者参与计划不仅是为了回应预期的激励措施，还出于一些强大而隐蔽的激励因素，如宣传和营销目的；（4）参与者对官方激励措施的利用不足，部分原因是政府激励措施的不定期发放，这可能会损害计划的有效性；（5）生物多样性保护目标可以通过多种激励措施实现；（6）仅要求土地所有者做出短期承诺的计划仍然可以导致长期的生物多样性保护；以及（7）一个计划可能在国家层面产生意想不到的负面后果，包括使保护与社会正义相冲突。这些以及其他关于激励措施使用的经验教训，在生物多样性受到威胁的任何地方、寻求新的保护伙伴的任何地方以及考虑基于激励的方法的任何地方都应该受到关注。
