Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, 48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Toxicol Ind Health. 2022 Aug;38(8):455-469. doi: 10.1177/07482337221106754. Epub 2022 Jun 14.
Organophosphate (OPPs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are the two predominant forms of pesticides extensively used all around the world and are being reconsidered as environmental pollutants. The current study sought to assess the role of socioeconomic factors on the level of pesticides residues and the oxidative effects of exposure to OPPs and OCPs among the farmworkers of southeast Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 192 farmworkers and 74 non-farmworkers (controls) were involved. Gas chromatography (GC) was performed to measure the serum levels of organochlorine chemicals (2,4-DDT, 4,4-DDT, 2,4-DDE, 4,4-DDE, α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH). Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, arylesterase activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and several oxidative stress (OS) markers were assessed. In addition, the impact of several parameters such as home to farm distance, education level, ventilation status, and personal protective equipment (PPE) on pesticide levels was analyzed. The levels of OCPs in the farmworkers were significantly higher than the control subjects. In addition, AChE activity, arylesterase activity of PON-1, and total antioxidant capacity in farmworkers were significantly less, and MDA levels were higher than the controls. Education level was associated with farmworkers' protective behavior. The current findings suggested that some phased out OCPs can still be measured in human samples in the southeast of Iran. Furthermore, the current study demonstrated that exposure to OCPs and OPPs was accompanied by adverse consequences regarding OS parameters and subsequent health problems. In addition, the findings of the present study suggest that improving farmworkers' education might be associated with reduced exposure to pesticides and less adverse health effects.
有机磷（OPPs）和有机氯农药（OCPs）是世界范围内广泛使用的两种主要农药形式，它们被重新认为是环境污染物。本研究旨在评估社会经济因素对伊朗东南部农民工人体内农药残留水平和接触有机磷和有机氯农药的氧化应激（OS）影响的作用。在这项横断面研究中，共有 192 名农民工人和 74 名非农民工人（对照组）参与。采用气相色谱法（GC）测量血清中有机氯化学物质（2,4-DDT、4,4-DDT、2,4-DDE、4,4-DDE、α-HCH、β-HCH 和 γ-HCH）的水平。此外，还评估了乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性、对氧磷酶-1（PON-1）的芳基酯酶活性以及几种氧化应激（OS）标志物。此外，还分析了家庭到农场的距离、教育水平、通风状况和个人防护设备（PPE）等几个参数对农药水平的影响。农民工人的 OCP 水平明显高于对照组。此外，农民工人的 AChE 活性、PON-1 的芳基酯酶活性和总抗氧化能力明显较低，而 MDA 水平高于对照组。教育水平与农民工人的保护行为有关。目前的研究结果表明，在伊朗东南部的人类样本中仍能检测到一些已淘汰的 OCPs。此外，本研究表明，接触 OCPs 和 OPPs 会导致 OS 参数和随后的健康问题出现不良后果。此外，本研究的结果表明，提高农民工人的教育水平可能与减少接触农药和减少不良健康影响有关。
