Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-SINALOA, Avenida las Glorias, San Juachin, 81049, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico.
Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive MSN: 5F2, Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4400, USA.
J Wildl Dis. 2022 Jul 1;58(3):500-511. doi: 10.7589/JWD-D-21-00183.
Bacterial infections have been documented in marine mammals for decades, and some are considered emerging pathogens with zoonotic potential. The aerobic oral (n=16) and rectal (n=17) bacterial microbiota and their antimicrobial resistance were characterized for 17 apparently healthy California sea lion pups (Zalophus californianus) captured with a hoop net in Farallon Island, Sinaloa, Mexico, in 2016. Bacteriologic cultures, Analytical Profile Index, and PCR were used to identify bacterial species. The Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups were identified by PCR, Salmonella serotypes were identified, and resistance to antibiotics was evaluated. Overall, 39 bacterial species were isolated, including E. coli and Salmonella spp. (35.9% each) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28.2%). For E. coli, UNKNOWN phylogroup was the most prevalent (57.7%), followed by the A phylogroup (37.1%). Most Salmonella serotypes were identified as Newport (92.8%); serotype Saintpaul was also identified (7.2%). Sea lions with bacterial co-colonization included 24.2%, from which two bacterial species were isolated, and 3% with three species. Overall, 59% of bacteria were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested, and 25.6% were extensively drug resistant. Bacteria were highly resistant to ampicillin and cefotaxime. This study demonstrates the importance of characterizing the microbiome of sea lions, and the potential effect of pathogens with antimicrobial resistance on wildlife conservation and public health.
几十年来，海洋哺乳动物的细菌感染已被记录在案，其中一些被认为是具有人畜共患潜力的新兴病原体。2016 年，在墨西哥锡那罗亚的法勒隆群岛，使用环形网捕获了 17 只看似健康的加利福尼亚海狮幼崽（Zalophus californianus），对其口腔（n=16）和直肠（n=17）有氧细菌菌群及其抗微生物耐药性进行了特征描述。使用细菌培养、分析性概况指数和 PCR 来鉴定细菌种类。通过 PCR 鉴定大肠杆菌进化群，鉴定沙门氏菌血清型，并评估抗生素耐药性。总共分离出 39 种细菌，包括大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌（各占 35.9%）和铜绿假单胞菌（28.2%）。对于大肠杆菌，未知进化群是最常见的（57.7%），其次是 A 进化群（37.1%）。大多数沙门氏菌血清型被鉴定为纽波特（92.8%）；还鉴定出圣保禄血清型（7.2%）。有细菌共同定植的海狮占 24.2%，其中分离出两种细菌，有 3%的海狮有三种细菌。总体而言，59%的细菌至少对一种测试的抗生素具有耐药性，25.6%的细菌具有广泛耐药性。细菌对氨苄西林和头孢噻肟高度耐药。本研究表明了对海狮微生物组进行特征描述的重要性，以及具有抗微生物耐药性的病原体对野生动物保护和公共卫生的潜在影响。
