College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
J Control Release. 2022 Aug;348:518-536. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.013. Epub 2022 Jun 16.
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the subpopulation of cells present within a tumor with the properties of self-renewing, differentiating, and proliferating. Owing to the presence of ATP-binding cassette drug pumps and increased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, the conventional chemotherapeutic agents have failed to eliminate CSCs resulting in relapse and resistance of cancer. Therefore, to obtain long-lasting clinical responses and avoid the recurrence of cancer, it is crucial to develop an efficient strategy targeting CSCs by either employing a differentiation therapy or specifically delivering drugs to CSCs. Several intracellular and extracellular cancer specific biomarkers are overexpressed by CSCs and are utilized as targets for the development of new approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of CSCs. Moreover, several nanostructured particles, alone or in combination with current treatment approaches, have been used to improve the detection, imaging, and targeting of CSCs, thus addressing the limitations of cancer therapies. Targeting CSC surface markers, stemness-related signaling pathways, and tumor microenvironmental signals has improved the detection and eradication of CSCs and, therefore, tumor diagnosis and treatment. This review summarizes a variety of promising nanoparticles targeting the surface biomarkers of CSCs for the detection and eradication of tumor-initiating stem cells, used in combination with other treatment regimens.
癌症干细胞（CSCs）是肿瘤中具有自我更新、分化和增殖特性的细胞亚群。由于存在三磷酸腺苷结合盒药物泵和抗细胞凋亡蛋白的表达增加，常规化疗药物未能消除 CSCs，导致癌症复发和耐药。因此，为了获得持久的临床反应并避免癌症复发，开发针对 CSCs 的有效策略至关重要，可通过采用分化疗法或专门向 CSCs 输送药物来实现。CSCs 过度表达几种细胞内和细胞外的癌症特异性生物标志物，并被用作开发新方法的靶点，用于 CSCs 的诊断和治疗。此外，单独或与当前治疗方法联合使用的几种纳米结构颗粒已被用于改善 CSCs 的检测、成像和靶向，从而解决癌症治疗的局限性。针对 CSC 表面标志物、干性相关信号通路和肿瘤微环境信号的靶向治疗提高了 CSCs 的检测和清除率，从而改善了肿瘤的诊断和治疗。本综述总结了各种有前途的靶向 CSCs 表面标志物的纳米颗粒，用于检测和清除起始肿瘤的干细胞，与其他治疗方案联合使用。
