Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
J Orthod. 2022 Dec;49(4):403-411. doi: 10.1177/14653125221094337. Epub 2022 Jun 19.
To determine whether maternal smoking and/or alcohol consumption has an influence on lip morphology. Maternal smoking is a known risk factor for orofacial clefts; however, its influence on normal lip variation is unknown. Recent research regarding normal lip morphology has been contradictory.
Retrospective cohort study.
A total of 4747 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) who each had 3D facial scans carried out at 15 years of age were included in the study.
Each of the participants was automatically categorised regarding predetermined lip morphological traits. Questionnaires completed by their mothers identified smoking and alcohol habits during pregnancy. Logistic regression analyses were applied to determine the effect of maternal smoking and alcohol consumption on lip morphology.
Maternal smoking has significant effects on upper and lower lip contours, Cupid's bow, lower lip-chin shape and lower lip tone (all < 0.05). There was also an indication of a potential epigenetic effect of smoking pre-pregnancy on upper lip contour ( = 0.0573). Alcohol consumption is significantly associated with philtrum shape, particularly when >6 units of alcohol are consumed per week ( = 0.0149, 32 weeks). Overall results suggest a deeply grooved philtrum is more likely if alcohol is consumed. Investigating the combined effect of smoking and alcohol consumption, lower lip contour ( = 0.00923) and lower lip-chin shape ( = 0.0171) are statistically significant, with lower lip contour more likely to be narrow in the midline, and lower lip-chin shape more likely to be an angular concavity.
Maternal smoking influences a number of lip traits, including a possible epigenetic effect on upper lip contour. Maternal alcohol consumption, particularly at a high level, influences philtrum shape. Maternal smoking and alcohol consumption have a combined effect on lower lip contour and lower lip-chin shape.
确定母体吸烟和/或饮酒是否会影响唇形态。母体吸烟是口面裂的已知危险因素；然而，其对正常唇变异的影响尚不清楚。最近关于正常唇形态的研究结果相互矛盾。
回顾性队列研究。
本研究共纳入 4747 名来自阿冯纵向研究父母和孩子（ALSPAC）的儿童，他们每个人在 15 岁时都进行了 3D 面部扫描。
根据预定的唇形态特征，对每位参与者进行自动分类。他们的母亲填写的问卷确定了怀孕期间的吸烟和饮酒习惯。应用逻辑回归分析确定母体吸烟和饮酒对唇形态的影响。
母体吸烟对上唇轮廓、丘比特弓、下唇-下巴形状和下唇色调有显著影响（均<0.05）。吸烟前怀孕对唇轮廓也有潜在的表观遗传效应（=0.0573）。每周饮酒>6 单位与人中形状显著相关，特别是>6 单位（=0.0149，32 周）。总体结果表明，如果饮酒，人中沟可能更深。研究吸烟和饮酒的综合效应，下唇轮廓（=0.00923）和下唇-下巴形状（=0.0171）具有统计学意义，下唇轮廓更可能在中线变窄，下唇-下巴形状更可能是一个角度凹陷。
母体吸烟影响多个唇特征，包括对上唇轮廓的可能表观遗传效应。母体饮酒，尤其是高剂量，影响人中形状。母体吸烟和饮酒对下唇轮廓和下唇-下巴形状有综合影响。
