Department of Environmental Science, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan.
Department of Geography, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Nov;29(54):81337-81350. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-21393-6. Epub 2022 Jun 22.
Urbanization is the main force of the global environmental as well as land use land cover changes (LULC). Urbanization is caused by prompt increase in population growth, migration, and urge for employment. In this study, Geographic Information System (GIS) was applied for the analysis and representation of spatio-temporal changes in LULC in Peshawar district and these results were linked with environmental aspects and Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework approaches. For LULC classification, the Landsat freely available satellite imageries were used. The analysis revealed that the vegetation cover has increased from 37.8% of the total area to 71.3% during 1990-2020 and this change in vegetation is attributed to the government initiatives of Billion Tree Tsunami afforestation project after 2014 which has substantially decreased the barren land (from 66% in 1990 to 19% in 2020) in southeastern part of Peshawar district. Although, there was reduction in the vegetation cover in the past but due to extensive plantation between 2014 and 2020 resulted rapid increase in vegetation cover in the study area. The results of the present study detected a remarkable increase in built-up area which has increased almost 224.6% from 1990 to 2020. The study area population has increased from 2.12 million during 1998 to 4.26 million in 2017. The DPSIR results revealed that drivers and pressure have adverse effects on the carrying capacity of natural resources which have resulted deterioration of ecosystem. The resulted reduced capacity leading towards land degradation, loss of agricultural land, decline the groundwater level and resulted in pluvial flooding in Peshawar district. Government and environmental protection agency should implement the land use bylaws to reduce the rapid and unplanned urban growth and its negative impacts on natural environment.
城市化是全球环境和土地利用/土地覆被变化（LULC）的主要力量。城市化是由人口增长、迁移和就业需求的迅速增加引起的。在本研究中，地理信息系统（GIS）被应用于分析和表示白沙瓦地区的土地利用/土地覆被时空变化，这些结果与环境方面和驱动-压力-状态-影响-响应（DPSIR）框架方法相关联。对于土地利用/土地覆被分类，使用了免费的 Landsat 卫星图像。分析表明，植被覆盖从 1990 年到 2020 年从总区域的 37.8%增加到 71.3%，这种植被变化归因于政府 2014 年后发起的“十亿棵树海啸造林计划”，该计划大大减少了白沙瓦东南部的荒地（从 1990 年的 66%减少到 2020 年的 19%）。尽管过去植被覆盖有所减少，但由于 2014 年至 2020 年期间广泛的种植，研究区域的植被覆盖迅速增加。本研究的结果检测到建成区的显著增加，从 1990 年到 2020 年增加了近 224.6%。研究区域的人口从 1998 年的 212 万增加到 2017 年的 426 万。DPSIR 结果表明，驱动因素和压力对自然资源的承载能力产生不利影响，导致生态系统恶化。由此导致的能力下降导致土地退化、农业用地减少、地下水位下降，并导致白沙瓦地区的洪涝灾害。政府和环境保护机构应实施土地使用法规，以减少快速和无计划的城市增长及其对自然环境的负面影响。
