Wattanaanek Nattanan, Suttapreyasri Srisurang, Samruajbenjakun Bancha
Orthodontic Section, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Songkhla, Thailand.
Sirindhorn College of Public Health Khon Kaen, Khon Kaen 40000, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
Biomimetics (Basel). 2022 May 31;7(2):70. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics7020070.
New bone formation starts from the initial reaction between a scaffold surface and the extracellular matrix. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of various amounts of calcium, phosphate, sodium, sulfur, and chloride ions on osteoblast-like cell differentiation using tetra-polymers of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH), alginic acid, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Moreover, 3D-printed scaffolds were fabricated to determine the ion distribution and cell differentiation. Various proportions of ACP/CSH were prepared in ratios of 0%, 13%, 15%, 18%, 20%, and 23%. SEM was used to observe the morphology, cell spreading, and ion complements. The scaffolds were also examined for calcium ion release. The mouse osteoblast-like cell line MC3T3-E1 was cultured to monitor the osteogenic differentiation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, total protein synthesis, osteocalcin expression (OCN), and calcium deposition. All 3D-printed scaffolds exhibited staggered filaments, except for the 0% group. The amounts of calcium, phosphate, sodium, and sulfur ions increased as the amounts of ACP/CSH increased. The 18%ACP/CSH group significantly exhibited the most ALP on days 7, 14, and 21, and the most OCN on days 14 and 21. Moreover, calcium deposition and mineralization showed the highest peak after 7 days. In conclusion, the 18%ACP/CSH group is capable of promoting osteoblast-like cell differentiation on 3D-printed scaffolds.
新骨形成始于支架表面与细胞外基质之间的初始反应。本研究旨在使用无定形磷酸钙（ACP）、半水硫酸钙（CSH）、海藻酸和羟丙基甲基纤维素的四聚物，评估不同量的钙、磷、钠、硫和氯离子对成骨样细胞分化的影响。此外，制备了3D打印支架以确定离子分布和细胞分化。以0%、13%、15%、18%、20%和23%的比例制备了不同比例的ACP/CSH。使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察形态、细胞铺展和离子补充情况。还检测了支架的钙离子释放情况。培养小鼠成骨样细胞系MC3T3-E1以监测成骨分化、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性、总蛋白合成、骨钙素表达（OCN）和钙沉积。除0%组外，所有3D打印支架均呈现交错的细丝状。随着ACP/CSH含量的增加，钙、磷、钠和硫离子的含量也增加。18%ACP/CSH组在第7天、14天和21天显著表现出最高的ALP活性，在第14天和21天表现出最高的OCN表达。此外，钙沉积和矿化在7天后达到最高峰。总之，18%ACP/CSH组能够促进3D打印支架上的成骨样细胞分化。
