Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
Viruses. 2022 Jun 2;14(6):1208. doi: 10.3390/v14061208.
In early 2022, the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was identified as the cause of stillborn and mummified piglets in pig farms in southeastern Australia. Human cases and additional pig farms with infected piglets were subsequently identified across a widespread area encompassing four states. To inform surveillance and control programs, we synthesized existing information on Australian vectors of JEV, much of which was generated in response to incursions of JEV into the northern state of Queensland between 1995 and 2005. Members of the Culex sitiens subgroup, particularly Culex annulirostris, should be considered the primary vectors of JEV in Australia, as they yielded >87% of field detections of JEV, were highly efficient laboratory vectors of the virus, readily fed on pigs and birds (the key amplifying hosts of the virus) when they were available, and are widespread and often occur in large populations. Three introduced species, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex gelidus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus may also serve as vectors, but more information on their geographical distribution, abundance and bionomics in the Australian context is required. Mosquitoes from other genera, such as Aedes and Verrallina, whilst considered relatively poor vectors, could play a regional or supplemental role in transmission, especially facilitating vertical transmission as a virus overwintering mechanism. Additional factors that could impact JEV transmission, including mosquito survival, dispersal and genetics, are also discussed. Possible directions for investigation are provided, especially in the context of the virus emerging in a region with different mosquito fauna and environmental drivers than northern Australia.
2022 年初，在澳大利亚东南部的养猪场发现日本脑炎病毒（JEV）是死胎和木乃伊化仔猪的原因。随后，在一个包括四个州的广泛区域内发现了人类病例和其他感染仔猪的养猪场。为了为监测和控制计划提供信息，我们综合了澳大利亚 JEV 传播媒介的现有信息，其中大部分是针对 1995 年至 2005 年 JEV 入侵澳大利亚北部昆士兰州的情况而生成的。Cx. sitiens 亚组的成员，特别是 Cx. annulirostris，应被视为澳大利亚 JEV 的主要传播媒介，因为它们在野外检测到的 JEV 中占 87%以上，是该病毒的高效实验室传播媒介，当它们可用时，很容易吸食猪和鸟类（病毒的关键扩增宿主），并且分布广泛且经常大量出现。三种引入的物种，即 Cx. quinquefasciatus、Cx. gelidus 和 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 也可能作为传播媒介，但需要更多关于它们在澳大利亚的地理分布、丰度和生物学特性的信息。其他属的蚊子，如 Aedes 和 Verrallina，虽然被认为是相对较差的传播媒介，但在传播中可能发挥区域或补充作用，特别是作为病毒越冬机制促进垂直传播。还讨论了可能影响 JEV 传播的其他因素，包括蚊子的生存、扩散和遗传。提供了可能的调查方向，特别是在病毒出现在一个与澳大利亚北部不同的蚊子区系和环境驱动因素的地区的情况下。
