Din Imran Ud, Muhammad Said, Rehman Inayat Ur
National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan.
Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Environ Geochem Health. 2023 May;45(5):1991-2012. doi: 10.1007/s10653-022-01312-x. Epub 2022 Jun 27.
Heavy metal(loid)s (HM) contaminations in the soil poses threats to the human and ecological community due to their bioaccumulation, toxicity, and persistent nature in the ecosystem. This review was designed to know about the HM contamination in soils, ecological risk, distribution, and potential health risks. Soil HM concentrations published in the last 30 years were collected from Springer, Science Direct, Willey, Mendeley, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, etc. HM concentrations were used for the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor, as well as integrated indices such as spatial distribution of ecological risk index. Similarly, the Igeo pattern was observed in Sindh > Baluchistan > Punjab > Khyber Pakhtunkhwa > Gilgit-Baltistan > Islamabad. Moreover, the high ecological risk mean values ranged (160 < ERI < 320) due to cadmium (Cd) was exhibited in the Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces and Islamabad. Non-carcinogenic risk like hazard quotient was found higher for children (1.59) of Punjab due to arsenic (As) ingestion, whereas the lower risk was observed due to Zn (2.5E-08) for adults of Punjab province via inhalation pathway. Similarly, the health index (HI) from exposure to As (1.61) in soil was higher than the rest of the HM. Moreover, cancerous risk was determined and found in the tolerable range (10-10). This study recommended that HM contaminants in the soil need to be monitored on regular basis, especially in Baluchistan, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Sindh provinces.
土壤中的重金属（类金属）污染物由于其生物累积性、毒性以及在生态系统中的持久性，对人类和生态群落构成威胁。本综述旨在了解土壤中的重金属污染、生态风险、分布以及潜在健康风险。过去30年发表的土壤重金属浓度数据来自施普林格、科学Direct、威利、门德雷、ResearchGate、谷歌学术等。重金属浓度用于地累积指数（Igeo）、污染因子以及生态风险指数空间分布等综合指数。同样，观察到地累积指数模式为信德省＞俾路支省＞旁遮普省＞开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省＞吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦＞伊斯兰堡。此外，旁遮普省、开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省和伊斯兰堡因镉（Cd）呈现出较高的生态风险均值范围（160＜ERI＜320）。旁遮普省儿童因摄入砷（As）导致的非致癌风险如危害商数较高（1.59），而旁遮普省成年人通过吸入途径因锌（2.5E - 08）导致的风险较低。同样，土壤中因接触砷（1.61）产生的健康指数（HI）高于其他重金属。此外，确定的致癌风险处于可接受范围（10 - 10）。本研究建议定期监测土壤中的重金属污染物，特别是在俾路支省、吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦和信德省。
